304L 6.35*1mm Abahlinzeki bamashubhu ensimbi engagqwali ahlanganiswe ,Ukuboniswa kwenduku ye-lithium enamandla yokukhiqiza ama-neutron aqondile

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Njengenye indlela yocwaningo lwama-reactors enuzi, ijeneretha ye-neutron eqhutshwa yi-accelerator esebenzisa umshayeli we-lithium-ion beam ingase ibe ikhandidethi elithembisayo ngoba ikhiqiza imisebe emincane engadingeki.Kodwa-ke, kwakunzima ukuletha ugongolo oluqinile lwe-lithium ion, futhi ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwamadivayisi anjalo kwakubhekwa njengento engenakwenzeka.Inkinga enzima kakhulu yokugeleza kwe-ion enganele yaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo oluqondile lokufakelwa kwe-plasma.Kulolu hlelo, i-high-density pulsed plasma ekhiqizwe i-laser ablation ye-lithium metal foil ijovwa kahle futhi isheshiswe i-high-frequency quadrupole accelerator (RFQ accelerator).Sizuze umthamo omkhulu wamanje we-35 mA osheshiselwe ku-1.43 MeV, okungama-oda amabili obukhulu obungaphezulu kunomjovo ojwayelekile kanye namasistimu e-accelerator angahlinzeka.
Ngokungafani nama-X ray noma izinhlayiya ezishajiwe, ama-neutron anokujula okukhulu kokungena kanye nokusebenzisana okuyingqayizivele nodaba olujiyile, okuwenza abe ama-probe aguquguqukayo kakhulu okutadisha izakhiwo zezinto1,2,3,4,5,6,7.Ikakhulukazi, amasu okuhlakazeka kwe-neutron avame ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukwakheka, ukwakheka, nokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi endabeni efingqiwe futhi anganikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nezinhlanganisela zokulandela umkhondo kuma-alloys ensimbi okunzima ukuwabona kusetshenziswa i-X-ray spectroscopy8.Le ndlela ibhekwa njengethuluzi elinamandla kusayensi eyisisekelo futhi isetshenziswa abakhiqizi bezinsimbi nezinye izinto.Muva nje, i-neutron diffraction isetshenziselwe ukuthola izingcindezi eziyinsalela ezingxenyeni zemishini ezifana nezingxenye zesitimela nezindiza9,10,11,12.Amaneutron nawo asetshenziswa emithonjeni kawoyela negesi ngoba abanjwa kalula ngezinto ezinothile ngeproton13.Izindlela ezifanayo nazo zisetshenziswa kwezobunjiniyela bomphakathi.Ukuhlola i-neutron engacekeli phansi iyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokuthola amaphutha afihliwe ezakhiweni, emhubheni nasemabhulohweni.Ukusetshenziswa kwemishayo ye-neutron kusetshenziswa kakhulu ocwaningweni lwesayensi nasezimbonini, eziningi zazo eziye zathuthukiswa ngokomlando kusetshenziswa ama-reactors enuzi.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvumelana emhlabeni wonke mayelana nokungasabalala kwezikhali zenuzi, ukwakha ama-reactor amancane ngezinjongo zocwaningo kuya ngokuya kuba nzima.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingozi yakamuva yaseFukushima yenze ukwakha iziphehlimandla zenuzi kucishe kwamukeleke emphakathini.Ngokuphathelene nalo mkhuba, isidingo semithombo ye-neutron kuma-accelerator siyakhula2.Njengenye indlela yama-reactors enuzi, imithombo eminingana emikhulu ye-neutron ehlukanisa i-accelerator isivele iyasebenza14,15.Kodwa-ke, ukuze kusetshenziswe kahle kakhulu izakhiwo zemishayo ye-neutron, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo ehlangene kuma-accelerator, 16 okungenzeka kube yizikhungo zocwaningo zezimboni neyunivesithi.Imithombo ye-accelerator neutron yengeze amandla nemisebenzi emisha ngaphezu kokusebenza njengokumiselela iziphehli ze-nuclear14.Isibonelo, ijeneretha eshayelwa yi-linac ingakha kalula umfudlana wama-neutron ngokushintsha induku yokushayela.Uma esekhishiwe, kunzima ukulawula ama-neutron futhi izilinganiso zemisebe kunzima ukuzihlaziya ngenxa yomsindo odalwa ama-neutron angemuva.I-neutron eshaywayo elawulwa yi-accelerator igwema le nkinga.Kuphakanyiswe amaphrojekthi amaningana asuselwa kubuchwepheshe be-proton accelerator emhlabeni jikelele17,18,19.Ukusabela okuthi 7Li(p, n)7Be kanye no-9Be(p, n)9B kuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kumajeneretha e-neutron ahlangene aqhutshwa yi-proton ngenxa yokuthi ahambisana ne-endothermic20.Imisebe eyeqile kanye nodoti okhipha imisebe kungancishiswa uma amandla akhethelwe ukujabulisa i-proton beam engaphezulu kancane kwevelu yomkhawulo.Kodwa-ke, isisindo se-nucleus eqondiwe sikhulu kakhulu kune-protons, futhi ama-neutron atholakalayo ahlakazeka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi.Ukusondelana okunjalo nokukhishwa kwe-isotropic kwe-neutron flux kuvimbela ukuthuthwa okusebenzayo kwama-neutron entweni yocwaningo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uthole umthamo odingekayo we-neutron endaweni yento, kuyadingeka ukwandisa kakhulu kokubili inani lama-proton ahambayo namandla awo.Ngenxa yalokho, imithamo emikhulu yemisebe ye-gamma nama-neutron azosakazeka ngama-engeli amakhulu, acekele phansi inzuzo yokusabela kwe-endothermic.Ijeneretha ye-neutron esekelwe ku-accelerator ejwayelekile inokuvikela emisebeni enamandla futhi iyingxenye enkulu yesistimu.Isidingo sokwandisa amandla okushayela ama-proton ngokuvamile sidinga ukwanda okwengeziwe kosayizi wesikhungo sokusheshisa.
Ukuze kunqotshwe ukushiyeka okuvamile kwemithombo evamile ye-neutron ehlangene kuma-accelerator, uhlelo lokusabela lwe-inversion-kinematic lwahlongozwa21.Kulolu hlelo, i-lithium-ion beam esindayo isetshenziswa njengegayidi yomhlahlandlela esikhundleni se-proton beam, eqondise izinto ezicebile nge-hydrogen ezifana namaplastiki e-hydrocarbon, ama-hydrides, i-hydrogen gas, noma i-hydrogen plasma.Ezinye izindlela ziye zacatshangelwa, njengemishayo eqhutshwa yi-beryllium ion, nokho, i-beryllium iwubuthi obudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ekusingatheni.Ngakho-ke, i-lithium beam iyona efaneleka kakhulu kuma-inversion-kinematic reaction schemes.Njengoba umfutho we-lithium nuclei mkhulu kune-proton, isikhungo sokungqubuzana kwezikhali zenuzi silokhu siqhubekela phambili, futhi ama-neutron nawo akhishwa phambili.Lesi sici siqeda kakhulu imisebe ye-gamma engadingeki kanye nokukhishwa kwe-neutron ye-engeli ephezulu22.Ukuqhathaniswa kwecala elivamile lenjini ye-proton kanye nesimo se-kinematics esiphambene siboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.
Umdwebo wama-engeli okukhiqiza i-neutron we-proton nemishayo ye-lithium (edwetshwe nge-Adobe Illustrator CS5, 15.1.0, https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).(a) Amaneutron angakhishwa kunoma iyiphi indlela ngenxa yokusabela ngenxa yokuthi ama-proton anyakazayo ashaya ama-athomu asinda kakhulu wethagethi ye-lithium.(b) Ngokuphambene, uma umshayeli we-lithium-ion eqhumisa ithagethi ecebile nge-hydrogen, ama-neutron akhiqizwa kukhoni encane eya phambili ngenxa yesivinini esiphezulu sesikhungo sobuningi besistimu.
Kodwa-ke, ambalwa kuphela amajeneretha e-neutron e-kinematic aphambene akhona ngenxa yobunzima bokukhiqiza ukugeleza okudingekayo kwama-ion asindayo ngokushaja okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nama-proton.Zonke lezi zitshalo zisebenzisa imithombo ye-sputter ion engalungile ngokuhlangana nama-accelerator e-tandem electrostatic.Ezinye izinhlobo zemithombo ye-ion ziye zahlongozwa ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-beam acceleration26.Kunoma ikuphi, i-lithium-ion beam current etholakalayo ikhawulelwe ku-100 µA.Kuphakanyiswe ukuthi kusetshenziswe i-1 mA ye-Li3 + 27, kodwa le ndlela ye-ion beam yamanje ayizange iqinisekiswe yile ndlela.Ngokuya kokuqina, ama-accelerator e-lithium beam awakwazi ukuncintisana nama-accelerators we-proton beam lapho i-proton yawo ephezulu yamanje idlula i-10 mA28.
Ukuze usebenzise ijeneretha ye-neutron ehlangene esekelwe kugongolo lwe-lithium-ion, kunenzuzo ukukhiqiza amandla aphezulu angenawo ama-ion.Ama-ion ayasheshisa futhi aqondiswa amandla kazibuthe, futhi izinga eliphezulu lokushaja liholela ekusheshiseni okuphumelelayo.Abashayeli be-Li-ion beam badinga i-Li3+ peak currents ezingaphezu kuka-10 mA.
Kulo msebenzi, sibonisa ukusheshisa kwemishayo ye-Li3+ enamagagasi aphezulu afinyelela ku-35 mA, aqhathaniseka nama-accelerator e-proton athuthukile.Ugongolo lwe-lithium ion lwangempela lwadalwa kusetshenziswa i-laser ablation kanye ne-Direct Plasma Implantation Scheme (DPIS) eyasungulwa ekuqaleni ukusheshisa i-C6+.Irediyo edizayinelwe ngokwezifiso i-quadrupole linac (RFQ linac) yaklanywa kusetshenziswa isakhiwo esinezinduku ezine.Siqinisekise ukuthi i-beam esheshisayo inamandla okubaliwe aphezulu wokuhlanzeka.Uma isigxobo se-Li3 + sibanjwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi sisheshiswe yi-accelerator ye-radio frequency (RF), isigaba esilandelayo se-linac (i-accelerator) sisetshenziselwa ukunikeza amandla adingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-neutron flux eqinile kusukela ekuhlosweni.
Ukusheshiswa kwama-ion okusebenza okuphezulu kuwubuchwepheshe obusungulwe kahle.Umsebenzi osele wokubona ijeneretha entsha ye-neutron ehlangene esebenza kahle kakhulu ukukhiqiza inqwaba yama-ion e-lithium asuswe ngokuphelele futhi kwakhiwe isakhiwo seqoqo esihlanganisa uchungechunge lwama-ion pulses avumelaniswa nomjikelezo we-RF kusisheshisi.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa okuklanyelwe ukufeza lo mgomo ichazwe ezigatshaneni ezintathu ezilandelayo: (1) ukukhiqizwa kwe-lithium-ion beam engenalutho, (2) ukusheshisa kwe-beam kusetshenziswa i-RFQ linac eklanywe ngokukhethekile, kanye (3) nokusheshisa ukuhlaziya. ye-beam ukuhlola okuqukethwe kwayo.E-Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), sakhe ukusetha kokuhlola okuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Ukubuka konke kokusetha kokuhlolwa kokuhlaziywa okusheshisiwe kwemishayo ye-lithium (eboniswa yi-Inkscape, 1.0.2, https://inkscape.org/).Ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele, i-laser-ablative plasma ikhiqizwa egumbini lokusebenzisana nethagethi ye-laser futhi ilethwe ku-RFQ linac.Lapho kungena isisheshisi se-RFQ, ama-ion ahlukaniswa ku-plasma futhi ajovwe kusisheshisi se-RFQ ngokusebenzisa inkambu kagesi engazelelwe edalwe umehluko wamandla kagesi angu-52 kV phakathi kwe-electrode yokukhipha kanye ne-electrode ye-RFQ endaweni yokukhukhuleka.Ama-ion akhishiwe asheshiswa ukusuka ku-22 keV/n ukuya ku-204 keV/n kusetshenziswa ama-electrode e-RFQ angamamitha angu-2 ubude.I-transformer yamanje (CT) efakwe ekuphumeni kwe-linac ye-RFQ inikeza ukukala okungabhubhisi kwe-ion beam current.I-beam igxilwe yizibuthe ezintathu ze-quadrupole futhi iqondiswe kumagnet we-dipole, ehlukanisa futhi iqondise ugongolo lwe-Li3 + kumtshina.Ngemuva komkejana, kusetshenziswa ipulasitiki ehoxiswayo ye-scintillator kanye nenkomishi ye-Faraday (FC) enokuchema okungafika ku- -400 V ukuze kutholwe i-beam esheshayo.
Ukuze ukhiqize i-ionized lithium ion ngokugcwele (Li3+), kuyadingeka ukwakha i-plasma enezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwamandla e-ionization wesithathu (122.4 eV).Sazama ukusebenzisa i-laser ablation ukuze sikhiqize i-plasma enezinga eliphezulu lokushisa.Lolu hlobo lomthombo we-laser ion aluvamile ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza imishayo ye-lithium ion ngoba insimbi ye-lithium iyasebenza futhi idinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile.Senze isistimu yokulayisha eqondiwe ukuze sinciphise umswakama nokungcoliswa komoya lapho sifaka i-lithium foil egumbini lokusebenzisana le-vacuum laser.Konke ukulungiswa kwezinto kwenziwa endaweni elawulwayo ye-argon eyomile.Ngemva kokufakwa kwecwecwe le-lithium ekamelweni eliqondiwe nge-laser, ucwecwe lwakhanyiswa ngemisebe ye-laser ye-pulsed Nd:YAG ngamandla angu-800 mJ ukushaya ngakunye.Lapho kugxilwe kukho, ukuminyana kwamandla e-laser kulinganiselwa ku-1012 W/cm2.I-Plasma yenziwa lapho i-pulsed laser ibhubhisa ithagethi endaweni engenalutho.Phakathi nayo yonke i-6 ns laser pulse, i-plasma iyaqhubeka nokushisa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yenqubo ye-bremsstrahlung ephambene.Njengoba ingekho insimu yangaphandle evalekile esetshenziswayo phakathi nesigaba sokushisa, i-plasma iqala ukwanda ngezilinganiso ezintathu.Lapho i-plasma iqala ukwanda phezu kwendawo ehlosiwe, isikhungo sesisindo se-plasma sithola isivinini esibheke endaweni eqondiwe ngamandla angu-600 eV/n.Ngemuva kokushisa, i-plasma iyaqhubeka nokuhamba ohlangothini lwe-axial kusukela ekuhlosweni, ikhula nge-isotropically.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2, i-plasma yokukhipha inweba ibe yivolumu yevacuum ezungezwe isiqukathi sensimbi esinamandla afanayo nalawo ahlosiwe.Ngakho-ke, i-plasma ikhukhuleka esifundeni esingenayo insimu iye ku-accelerator ye-RFQ.Inkambu kazibuthe ye-axial isetshenziswa phakathi kwegumbi le-laser irradiation kanye ne-RFQ linac kusetshenziswa inxeba lekhoyili ye-solenoid ezungeze igumbi le-vacuum.Inkambu kazibuthe ye-solenoid icindezela ukunwetshwa kwe-radial kwe-plasma ekhukhulekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-plasma phakathi nokulethwa endaweni yokuvula i-RFQ.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-plasma iyaqhubeka nokukhula ohlangothini lwe-axial ngesikhathi sokukhukhuleka, yakha i-plasma emide.Ukuchema kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kusetshenziswa emkhunjini wensimbi oqukethe i-plasma ephambi kwembobo yokuphuma endaweni yokungena ye-RFQ.I-voltage echema ikhethiwe ukuze inikeze izinga lomjovo elingu-7Li3+ elidingekayo ukuze i-RFQ linac isheshiswe ngendlela efanele.
I-ablation plasma ewumphumela ayiqukethe kuphela i-7Li3+, kodwa futhi i-lithium kwezinye izifundazwe zokushaja nezinto ezingcolisayo, ezithuthelwa kanyekanye ku-RFQ linear accelerator.Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa okusheshisiwe kusetshenziswa i-RFQ linac, ukuhlaziya isikhathi esingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi sendiza (TOF) kwenziwa ukuze kufundwe ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kwama-ion ku-plasma.Ukusethwa kokuhlaziya okunemininingwane kanye nokusabalalisa kwezindleko zezwe kuchazwe esigabeni Sezindlela.Ukuhlaziywa kubonise ukuthi i-7Li3 + ion yayiyizinhlayiya eziyinhloko, ezibala cishe i-54% yazo zonke izinhlayiya, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 3. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa, i-7Li3 + ion yamanje endaweni yokuphuma kwe-ion beam ilinganiselwa ku-1.87 mA.Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okusheshisiwe, inkambu ye-solenoid engu-79 mT isetshenziswa ku-plasma ekhulayo.Ngenxa yalokho, i-7Li3+ yamanje ekhishwe ku-plasma futhi ebonwa kumtshina inyuke nge-factory engu-30.
Izingxenyana zama-ion kuplasma ekhiqizwe nge-laser ezitholwe ngokuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sendiza.I-7Li1+ ne-7Li2+ ion yenza u-5% no-25% we-ion beam, ngokulandelana.Ingxenye etholiwe yezinhlayiya ze-6Li ivumelana nokuqukethwe kwemvelo kwe-6Li (7.6%) kuthagethi ye-lithium foil ngaphakathi kwephutha lokuhlola.Ukungcoliswa komoyampilo okuncane (6.2%) kwabonwa, ikakhulukazi i-O1+ (2.1%) kanye ne-O2+ (1.5%), okungenzeka kube ngenxa yokukhishwa kwe-oxidation ebusweni bethagethi ye-lithium foil.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-lithium plasma ikhukhuleka endaweni engenamasimu ngaphambi kokungena ku-RFQ linac.Okokufaka kwe-linac ye-RFQ kunembobo yobubanzi obungu-6 mm esitsheni sensimbi, futhi i-voltage echema ingu-52 kV.Nakuba amandla kagesi e-RFQ eshintsha ngokushesha ±29 kV ku-100 MHz, i-voltage ibangela ukushesha kwe-axial ngoba ama-electrode e-RFQ accelerator anesilinganiso samandla anguziro.Ngenxa yenkambu kagesi eqinile ekhiqizwe kugebe elingu-10 mm phakathi kwesimbobo kanye nonqenqema lwe-electrode ye-RFQ, ama-ion e-plasma e-positive kuphela akhishwa ku-plasma endaweni evulekayo.Ezinhlelweni zendabuko zokulethwa kwe-ion, ama-ion ahlukaniswa ne-plasma ngendawo kagesi ebangeni elide phambi kwesisheshisi se-RFQ bese igxiliswa endaweni yokuvula i-RFQ ngento egxilile ye-beam.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemishayo ye-ion esindayo eqinile edingekayo kumthombo oqinile we-neutron, amandla anyanyekayo angewona umugqa ngenxa yemiphumela yokushaja kwesikhala angaholela ekulahlekelweni okuphawulekayo kwamanje kwe-ion ohlelweni lwezokuthutha lwe-ion, kukhawule umthamo wamanje ongasheshiswa.Ku-DPIS yethu, ama-ion anamandla amakhulu athuthwa njenge-plasma ekhukhulekayo ngqo endaweni yokuphuma yembobo ye-RFQ, ngakho-ke akukho ukulahleka kwe-ion beam ngenxa yokushajwa kwesikhala.Phakathi nalokhu kuboniswa, i-DPIS yasetshenziswa kugongolo lwe-lithium-ion okokuqala ngqa.
Isakhiwo se-RFQ sathuthukiselwa ukugxila kanye nokusheshisa imishayo ye-ion yamanje yamandla aphansi futhi isibe indinganiso yokusheshisa kwe-oda lokuqala.Sisebenzise i-RFQ ukusheshisa ama-ion angu-7Li3+ ukusuka kumandla okufakelwa angu-22 keV/n kuya ku-204 keV/n.Nakuba i-lithium nezinye izinhlayiya ezine-charge ephansi ku-plasma nazo zikhishwa ku-plasma futhi zifakwe ku-RFQ aperture, i-RFQ linac isheshisa ama-ion kuphela nge-charge-to-mass ratio (Q/A) eduze ne-7Li3+.
Emkhiwaneni.Umfanekiso wesi-4 ubonisa amagagasi atholwe i-transformer yamanje (CT) ekuphumeni kwe-RFQ linac kanye ne-Faraday cup (FC) ngemva kokuhlaziya uzibuthe, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso.2. Ukushintsha kwesikhathi phakathi kwamasignali kungahunyushwa njengomehluko ngesikhathi sokundiza endaweni yomtshina.Isilinganiso se-ion esiphezulu esikalwe ku-CT sasingu-43 mA.Esimweni se-RT, ugongolo olubhalisiwe alukwazi ukuqukatha ama-ion asheshiselwe amandla abaliwe kuphela, kodwa nama-ion ngaphandle kwe-7Li3+, angasheshisi ngokwanele.Kodwa-ke, ukufana kwamafomu amanje e-ion atholakala ngokusebenzisa i-QD ne-PC kubonisa ukuthi i-ion yamanje ngokuyinhloko iqukethe i-7Li3+ esheshayo, futhi ukwehla kwenani eliphakeme lamanje ku-PC kubangelwa ukulahlekelwa kwensimbi ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwe-ion phakathi kwe-QD ne-QD. I-PC.Ukulahlekelwa Lokhu kuqinisekiswa futhi ukulingiswa kwemvilophu.Ukulinganisa ngokunembile umthamo wamanje we-7Li3+, ugongolo luhlaziywa ngozibuthe we-dipole njengoba kuchazwe esigabeni esilandelayo.
Ama-oscillograms we-beam esheshisiwe aqoshwe endaweni yomtshina i-CT (ijika elimnyama) ne-FC (ijika elibomvu).Lezi zilinganiso ziqalwa ukutholwa kwemisebe ye-laser yisithwebuli sezithombe ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser plasma.Ijika elimnyama libonisa i-waveform elinganiswa ku-CT exhunywe kokuphumayo kwe-linac ye-RFQ.Ngenxa yokuba seduze kwe-RFQ linac, umtshina uthatha umsindo we-100 MHz RF, ngakho-ke kwasetshenziswa isihlungi se-FFT esingu-98 MHz esisezingeni eliphansi ukuze sikhiphe isignali ye-RF ye-resonant engu-100 MHz ebekwe phezulu kusiginali yokuthola.Ijika elibomvu likhombisa i-waveform ku-FC ngemuva kokuthi uzibuthe ohlaziyayo eqondise ugongolo lwe-ion lwe-7Li3+.Kulo mkhakha kazibuthe, ngaphandle kwe-7Li3+, N6+ ne-O7+ ingathuthwa.
I-ion beam ngemva kwe-RFQ linac igxile ochungechungeni lwezibuthe ezintathu ezigxiliswe yi-quadrupole bese ihlaziywa ngozibuthe be-dipole ukuze kuhlukaniswe ukungcola ku-ion beam.Inkambu kazibuthe engu-0.268 T iqondisa imishayo engu-7Li3+ ku-FC.I-waveform yokuthola yale nkundla kazibuthe iboniswa njengejiko elibomvu kuMfanekiso 4. I-wave ephakeme kakhulu yamanje ifinyelela ku-35 mA, ephakeme izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyi-100 kune-Li3+ evamile ekhiqizwa kuma-accelerator akhona avamile ka-electrostatic.Ububanzi be-beam pulse bungu-2.0 µs ngobubanzi obugcwele kuhhafu wobukhulu.Ukutholwa kwesigxobo se-7Li3+ esinensimu kazibuthe ye-dipole kukhombisa ukunqwabelana okuphumelelayo nokusheshisa kwe-beam.I-ion beam yamanje etholwe yi-FC lapho iskena inkambu kazibuthe ye-dipole iboniswa ku-Fig. 5. Kubonwe ukuphakama okukodwa okuhlanzekile, okuhlukaniswe kahle kwezinye iziqongo.Njengoba wonke ama-ion asheshiselwa kumandla okuklama i-RFQ linac enejubane elifanayo, ama-ion ama-ion ane-Q/A efanayo kunzima ukuwahlukanisa ngamasimu kazibuthe e-dipole.Ngakho-ke, asikwazi ukuhlukanisa i-7Li3+ ku-N6+ noma i-O7+.Kodwa-ke, inani lokungcola lingalinganiselwa ezifundazweni ezikhokhiswayo ezingomakhelwane.Isibonelo, i-N7+ ne-N5+ zingahlukaniswa kalula, kuyilapho i-N6+ ingase ibe yingxenye yokungcola futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ibe khona cishe ngenani elifanayo ne-N7+ ne-N5+.Izinga lokungcola elilinganiselwe lilinganiselwa ku-2%.
I-spectra yengxenye ye-Beam etholwe ngokuskena inkambu kazibuthe ye-dipole.Isilinganiso esiphezulu ku-0.268 T sihambisana ne-7Li3+ ne-N6+.Ububanzi be-peak buncike kusayizi we-beam ekusikeni.Naphezu kweziqongo ezibanzi, i-7Li3+ ihlukanisa kahle ne-6Li3+, O6+, ne-N5+, kodwa ihlukana kabi ne-O7+ ne-N6+.
Endaweni ye-FC, iphrofayili ye-beam yaqinisekiswa nge-plug-in scintillator futhi yaqoshwa ngekhamera yedijithali esheshayo njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 6. I-7Li3+ pulsed beam ene-current ye-35 mA iboniswa ukuthi isheshiselwe ku-RFQ ebaliwe. amandla angu-204 keV/n, ahambisana ne-1.4 MeV, futhi adluliselwe kumtshina we-FC.
Iphrofayela ye-Beam ibonwe esikrinini se-pre-FC scintillator (enemibala yi-Fiji, 2.3.0, https://imagej.net/software/fiji/).Inkambu kazibuthe kazibuthe we-dipole ehlaziyayo yashunwa ukuze iqondise ukusheshisa kwe-Li3+ ion beam ku-RFQ yamandla okuklama.Amachashazi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka endaweni eluhlaza abangelwa impahla ye-scintillator enesici.
Sizuze ukukhiqizwa kwama-ion angu-7Li3+ ngokukhipha i-laser ebusweni be-lithium foil eqinile, futhi ugongolo lwamanje lwe-ion oluphezulu lwabanjwa futhi lwasheshiswa nge-RFQ linac eklanywe ngokukhethekile kusetshenziswa i-DPIS.Kumandla we-1.4 MeV, ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-7Li3+ kufinyelelwe ku-FC ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kukazibuthe bekungama-35 mA.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqaliswa komthombo we-neutron nge-kinematics ephambene isetshenziswe ngokuhlola.Kule ngxenye yephepha, kuzoxoxwa ngakho konke ukuklama komthombo we-neutron ehlangene, okuhlanganisa ama-accelerator aphezulu kanye neziteshi eziqondiswe yi-neutron.Umklamo usekelwe emiphumeleni etholwe ngamasistimu akhona elabhorethri yethu.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuphakama okuphezulu kwe-ion beam kungandiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngokunciphisa ibanga phakathi kwe-lithium foil ne-RFQ linac.Ilayisi.7 ubonisa wonke umqondo womthombo we-neutron ehlangene ohlongozwayo ku-accelerator.
Idizayini yomqondo yomthombo we-neutron ehlangene ohlongozwayo ku-accelerator (edwetshwe yi-Freecad, 0.19, https://www.freecadweb.org/).Ukusuka kwesokudla kuye kwesobunxele: umthombo we-laser ion, uzibuthe we-solenoid, i-RFQ linac, ukudluliswa kwe-medium energy beam (MEBT), i-IH linac, negumbi lokusebenzisana lokukhiqiza i-neutron.Ukuvikelwa kwemisebe kunikezwa ngokuyinhloko ekuqondeni phambili ngenxa yemvelo eqondiswe kancane yemishayo ye-neutron ekhiqiziwe.
Ngemuva kwe-RFQ linac, kuhlelwa ukusheshisa okwengeziwe kwe-Inter-digital H-structure (IH linac)30 linac.Ama-linacs e-IH asebenzisa isakhiwo seshubhu lokukhukhuleka i-π-mode ukuze anikeze ama-gradient enkambu kagesi aphezulu phezu kohlu oluthile lwezivinini.Ucwaningo lomqondo lwenziwa ngokususelwa ku-1D longitudinal dynamics simulation kanye nokulingiswa kwegobolondo le-3D.Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi i-100 MHz IH linac ene-voltage ye-drift drift enengqondo (engaphansi kuka-450 kV) kanye nozibuthe ogxilile oqinile ingasheshisa i-40 mA beam isuka ku-1.4 iye ku-14 MeV ebangeni elingu-1.8 m.Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla ekupheleni kweketango le-accelerator kulinganiselwa ku-± 0.4 MeV, okungathinti kakhulu i-spectrum yamandla e-neutron ekhiqizwa yithagethi yokuguqula i-neutron.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-beam kuphansi ngokwanele ukuze kugxiliswe i-beam endaweni encane ye-beam kunalokho obekungadingeka ngokuvamile ukuze uthole amandla aphakathi nendawo kanye nosayizi we-quadrupole magnet.Ekudluliselweni kwe-medium energy beam (MEBT) phakathi kwe-RFQ linac ne-IH linac, i-beamforming resonator isetshenziselwa ukunakekela ukwakheka kwe-beamforming.Ozibuthe abathathu abangama-quadrupole basetshenziswa ukulawula usayizi we-beam eseceleni.Lelisu lokuklama lisetshenziswe kuma-accelerator amaningi31,32,33.Ubude obuphelele balo lonke uhlelo ukusuka emthonjeni we-ion kuya ekamelweni eliqondiwe bulinganiselwa ukuthi bungaphansi kwamamitha angu-8, obungangena elolini elivamile le-semi-trailer.
Ithagethi yokuguqula i-neutron izofakwa ngqo ngemva kwesisheshisi somugqa.Sixoxa ngemiklamo yesiteshi esiqondiswe kuyo ngokusekelwe ezifundweni ezedlule sisebenzisa izimo ze-kinematic eziphambene23.Okuhlosiwe okubikiwe kokuguqulwa kufaka phakathi izinto eziqinile (i-polypropylene (C3H6) ne-titanium hydride (TiH2)) kanye nezinhlelo eziqondiwe zegesi.Umgomo ngamunye unezinzuzo kanye nokubi.Okuqondiwe okuqinile kuvumela ukulawula ukujiya okunembe.Ukuncipha kwethagethi, kulapho kunembe kakhulu ukuhlelwa kwendawo kokukhiqizwa kwe-neutron.Nokho, lokho okuhlosiwe kusengase kube nezinga elithile lokusabela kwenuzi okungafunwa kanye nemisebe.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hydrogen target inganikeza indawo ehlanzekile ngokuqeda ukukhiqizwa kwe-7Be, umkhiqizo oyinhloko we-nuclear reaction.Kodwa-ke, i-hydrogen inekhono lokuvimba elibuthakathaka futhi idinga ibanga elikhulu lomzimba ukuze kukhishwe amandla anele.Lokhu kubi kancane ezilinganisweni ze-TOF.Ukwengeza, uma ifilimu encane isetshenziselwa ukuvala i-hydrogen target, kuyadingeka ukucabangela ukulahlekelwa kwamandla emisebe ye-gamma ekhiqizwa ifilimu encane kanye nesigameko se-lithium beam.
I-LICORNE isebenzisa okuqondiwe kwe-polypropylene futhi isistimu eqondiwe ithuthukiselwe kumaseli e-hydrogen avalwe nge-tantalum foil.Uma kubhekwa i-beam current engu-100 nA ye-7Li34, zombili izinhlelo eziqondiwe zingakhiqiza kufika ku-107 n/s/sr.Uma sisebenzisa lokhu kuguqulwa kwesivuno senutroni esifunwayo emthonjeni wethu we-neutron ohlongozwayo, khona-ke i-lithium eshayelwa yi-lithium engu-7 × 10–8 C ingatholwa ngomshini we-laser ngamunye.Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukudubula i-laser kabili nje ngomzuzwana kukhiqiza ama-neutron angama-40% ngaphezu kwalokho i-LICORNE engakhiqiza ngomzuzwana owodwa ngomsebe oqhubekayo.Ukuguquguquka okuphelele kungakhuliswa kalula ngokwandisa imvamisa yokuvusa ye-laser.Uma sicabanga ukuthi kukhona isistimu yelaser engu-1 kHz emakethe, ukugeleza kwe-neutron okumaphakathi kungakhuliswa kalula kufike ku-7 × 109 n/s/sr.
Uma sisebenzisa amasistimu wezinga eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda ngezinhloso zepulasitiki, kuyadingeka ukulawula ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kokuhlosiwe ngoba, isibonelo, i-polypropylene inephuzu elincibilikayo eliphansi lika-145-175 ° C kanye ne-thermal conductivity ephansi engu-0.1-0.22 W/ m/K.Ngebhimu ye-lithium-ion engu-14 MeV, ithagethi ye-polypropylene ewugqinsi engu-7 µm yanele ukunciphisa amandla ebhimu kumkhawulo wokusabela (13.098 MeV).Uma kucatshangelwa umphumela ophelele wama-ion okhiqizwe i-laser shot eyodwa kokuhlosiwe, ukukhululwa kwamandla e-lithium ion nge-polypropylene kulinganiselwa ku-64 mJ/i-pulse.Uma sicabanga ukuthi wonke amandla adluliswa kuyindilinga enobubanzi obuyi-10 mm, ishayela ngalinye lihambisana nokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa okungaba ngu-18 K/pulse.Ukukhishwa kwamandla kokuhlosiwe kwe-polypropylene kusekelwe ekucabangeni okulula kokuthi konke ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kugcinwa njengokushisa, ngaphandle kwemisebe noma okunye ukulahlekelwa ukushisa.Njengoba ukukhulisa inani lama-pulses ngesekhondi ngalinye kudinga ukuqedwa kokwanda kokushisa, singasebenzisa okuqondiwe kwe-strip ukugwema ukukhishwa kwamandla endaweni efanayo23.Uma sithatha indawo ye-10 mm ye-beam kokuqondisiwe enezinga lokuphinda i-laser elingu-100 Hz, isivinini sokuskena setheyiphu ye-polypropylene singaba ngu-1 m/s.Izilinganiso eziphakeme zokuphindaphinda zingenzeka uma ukugqagqana kwendawo ye-beam kuvunyelwe.
Siphinde saphenya okuhlosiwe ngamabhethri e-hydrogen, ngoba imishayo yokushayela enamandla ingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulimaza okuhlosiwe.I-neutron beam ingalungiswa kalula ngokushintsha ubude bekamelo legesi kanye nokucindezela kwe-hydrogen ngaphakathi.Amafoil ensimbi azacile avame ukusetshenziswa kuma-accelerator ukuze ahlukanise indawo enegesi yethagethi ku-vacuum.Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwandisa amandla wesigameko se-lithium-ion beam ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukulahlekelwa kwamandla ku-foil.Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlosiwe okuchazwe embikweni 35 kwakuhlanganisa isiqukathi se-aluminium esingu-3.5 cm ubude nomfutho wegesi we-H2 ongu-1.5 atm.I-16.75 MeV lithium ion beam ingena ebhethrini ngefoil ye-Ta epholile engu-2.7 µm, futhi amandla we-lithium ion beam ekugcineni kwebhethri ancishiselwa ku-threshold yokusabela.Ukuze kwandiswe amandla e-beam amabhethri e-lithium-ion asuka ku-14.0 MeV aye ku-16.75 MeV, i-IH linac kwakudingeka inwetshwe cishe ngo-30 cm.
Ukukhishwa kwama-neutron kusuka ekuqondisweni kweseli yegesi nakho kwacwaningwa.Mayelana nokuhlosiwe kwegesi ye-LICORNE okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla, ukulingiswa kwe-GEANT436 kubonisa ukuthi ama-neutron agxile kakhulu akhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwekhoni, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1 ku-[37].Ireferensi engu-35 ikhombisa ububanzi bamandla ukusuka ku-0.7 kuye ku-3.0 MeV ngokuvuleka kwekhoni okuphezulu okungu-19.5° ngokuhlobene nendlela yokusatshalaliswa kwe-beam eyinhloko.Ama-neutron agxile kakhulu anganciphisa kakhulu inani lezinto ezivikelayo kuma-engeli amaningi, ehlise isisindo sesakhiwo futhi anikeze ukuguquguquka okukhulu ekufakweni kwemishini yokulinganisa.Ngokombono wokuvikelwa kwemisebe, ngaphezu kwama-neutron, le thagethi yegesi ikhipha imisebe ye-gamma engu-478 keV isotropically ohlelweni lwe-centroid coordinate38.Le misebe ye-γ ikhiqizwa ngenxa ye-7Be decay kanye ne-7Li deexcitation, okwenzeka lapho i-Li beam eyinhloko ishaya iwindi lokufaka elithi Ta.Nokho, ngokwengeza i-cylindrical cylindrical collimator engu-35 Pb/Cu ewugqinsi, ingemuva lingancishiswa kakhulu.
Njengenye inhloso, umuntu angasebenzisa ifasitela le-plasma [39, 40], okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufeza ukucindezela kwe-hydrogen ephakeme kakhulu kanye nesifunda esincane sendawo yokukhiqiza i-neutron, nakuba ingaphansi kwezinhloso eziqinile.
Siphenya izinketho zokukhomba ukuguqulwa kwe-neutron zokusabalalisa amandla okulindelekile kanye nosayizi we-beam we-lithium ion beam kusetshenziswa i-GEANT4.Ukulingiswa kwethu kubonisa ukusatshalaliswa okungaguquki kwamandla enutroni kanye nokusabalalisa kwe-angular kokuhlosiwe kwe-hydrogen ezincwadini ezingenhla.Kunoma iyiphi isistimu eqondiwe, ama-neutron agxile kakhulu angakhiqizwa ukusabela kwe-kinematic okuphambene okuqhutshwa ugongolo oluqinile lwe-7Li3+ kuthagethi ecebile nge-hydrogen.Ngakho-ke, imithombo emisha ye-neutron ingasetshenziswa ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuvele bukhona.
Izimo ze-laser irradiation zikhiqize kabusha ukuhlolwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-ion beam ngaphambi kokuboniswa okusheshisiwe.I-laser iwuhlelo lwedeskithophu i-nanosecond Nd:YAG enamandla okuminyana kwe-laser angu-1012 W/cm2, ubude begagasi obuyisisekelo obungu-1064 nm, indawo yamandla engu-800 mJ, kanye nobude be-pulse obungu-6 ns.Ububanzi bendawo kokuqondisiwe bulinganiselwa ku-100 µm.Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi ye-lithium (i-Alfa Aesar, i-99.9% ehlanzekile) ithambile impela, izinto ezisikwe kahle zicindezelwa esikhunjeni.Ubukhulu be-foil 25 mm × 25 mm, ukujiya 0.6 mm.Ukulimala okufana ne-crater kwenzeka endaweni eqondiwe lapho i-laser ilishaya, ngakho okuqondiwe kushukunyiswa inkundla enenjini ukuze kuhlinzekwe ingxenye entsha yendawo okuqondiwe kuyo ngeshothi ye-laser ngayinye.Ukuze ugweme ukuhlanganiswa kabusha ngenxa yegesi esele, ukucindezela ekamelweni kwakugcinwe ngaphansi kwebanga le-10-4 Pa.
Ivolumu yokuqala ye-laser plasma incane, njengoba ubukhulu bendawo ye-laser buyi-100 μm futhi phakathi kwama-6 ns ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwayo.Ivolumu ingathathwa njengephuzu eliqondile futhi inwetshwe.Uma umtshina ubekwe ebangeni xm ukusuka endaweni okuqondiwe kuyo, isignali eyamukelwe ilalela ubudlelwano: i-ion yamanje I, isikhathi sokufika se-ion t, nobubanzi be-pulse τ.
I-plasma ekhiqiziwe yacwaningwa ngendlela ye-TOF nge-FC kanye ne-energy ion analyzer (EIA) etholakala ebangeni elingu-2.4 m no-3.85 m ukusuka ku-laser target.I-FC inegridi yokucindezela echemile ngo -5 kV ukuvimbela ama-electron.I-EIA ine-deflector engu-90 degree electrostatic ehlanganisa ama-electrode amabili ensimbi ayi-coaxial cylindrical anevoltheji efanayo kodwa ephambene, eqondile ngaphandle futhi engemihle ngaphakathi.I-plasma ekhulayo iqondiswe ku-deflector ngemuva kwe-slot futhi iphambukiswe insimu kagesi edlula kusilinda.Ama-ion anelisa ubudlelwano E/z = i-eKU itholwa kusetshenziswa i-Secondary Electron Multiplier (SEM) (Hamamatsu R2362), lapho u-E, z, e, K, no-U okungamandla e-ion, isimo sokushaja, kanye nokushaja kuyizici ze-EIA zejometri. .ama-electron, ngokulandelana, kanye nomehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwama-electrode.Ngokushintsha i-voltage kuyo yonke i-deflector, umuntu angathola amandla nokusatshalaliswa kwe-ion ku-plasma.I-voltage yokushanela i-U/2 EIA ikububanzi obusuka ku-0.2 V ukuya ku-800 V, obuhambisana namandla e-ion ebangeni elisuka ku-4 eV ukuya ku-16 keV esimweni sokushaja ngasinye.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwesimo sokushaja sama-ion ahlaziywa ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-laser irradiation echazwe esigabeni esithi "Isizukulwane semishayo ye-lithium ehlutshiwe ngokugcwele" kuboniswa ku-Fig.8.
Ukuhlaziywa kokusatshalaliswa kwesimo sokukhokha sama-ion.Nansi iphrofayela yesikhathi sokuminyana yamanje ye-ion ehlaziywe nge-EIA yase ikalwa ku-1 m ukusuka kucwecwe lwe-lithium kusetshenziswa isibalo.(1) kanye (2).Sebenzisa izimo ze-laser irradiation ezichazwe esigabeni esithi "Isizukulwane Se-Lithium Beam Ekhishwe Ngokuphelele".Ngokuhlanganisa ukuminyana ngakunye kwamanje, inani lama-ion ku-plasma libalwe, eliboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Imithombo ye-Laser ion ingaletha ugongolo lwe-ion lwe-multi-mA olunamandla ngokushaja okuphezulu.Kodwa-ke, ukulethwa kwe-beam kunzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuxoshwa kwe-space charge, ngakho-ke akuzange kusetshenziswe kabanzi.Kuhlelo lwendabuko, imishayo ye-ion ikhishwa ku-plasma futhi ithuthelwe ku-accelerator eyinhloko ngomugqa we-boam onamazibuthe amaningana agxilile ukuze alolonge ugongolo lwe-ion ngokuya nekhono lokuthatha lesisheshisi.Emisebeni yamandla eshaja emkhathini, imishayo iyahluka ngokungaqondile, futhi ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwemishayo kuyabonwa, ikakhulukazi endaweni yesivinini esiphansi.Ukuze kunqotshwe le nkinga ekuthuthukisweni kwama-accelerator ekhabhoni yezokwelapha, kuhlongozwa uhlelo olusha lokulethwa kwe-DPIS41.Sisebenzise le nqubo ukusheshisa i-lithium-ion beam enamandla kusuka emthonjeni omusha we-neutron.
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.4, indawo lapho i-plasma ikhiqizwa futhi yandiswa khona izungezwe isitsha sensimbi.Isikhala esivalekile sifinyelela ekungeneni kweresonator ye-RFQ, okuhlanganisa nevolumu engaphakathi kwekhoyili ye-solenoid.Kufakwe amandla kagesi angu-52 kV esitsheni.Ku-resonator ye-RFQ, ama-ion adonswa ngamandla ngembobo engu-6 mm ububanzi ngokumisa i-RFQ.Amandla aphikisayo angenawo umugqa emugqeni womugqa ayasuswa njengoba ama-ion ethuthwa kusimo se-plasma.Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, sisebenzise inkambu ye-solenoid ngokuhlanganisa ne-DPIS ukuze silawule futhi sikhulise ukuminyana kwama-ion endaweni yokukhipha imbobo.
I-accelerator ye-RFQ iqukethe i-cylindrical vacuum chamber njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso.9a.Ngaphakathi kwayo, izinduku ezine zethusi ezingenawo umoya-mpilo zibekwe i-quadrupole-symmetrically ezungeze i-axis ye-beam (Fig. 9b).Izinduku ezi-4 namagumbi akha isekethe ye-RF ezwakalayo.Inkambu ye-RF ekhangisiwe idala i-voltage eshintsha isikhathi kuyo yonke intonga.Ama-ion atshalwe ngobude azungeze i-eksisi abanjwe eceleni yinkundla ye-quadrupole.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphoyinti lenduku lilungiswa ukuze lidale insimu kagesi ye-axial.Inkambu ye-axial ihlukanisa i-beam eqhubekayo ejovwe ibe uchungechunge lwezinsimbi ze-beam ezibizwa ngokuthi i-beam.Uhlaka ngalunye luqukethwe phakathi nesikhathi esithile somjikelezo we-RF (10 ns).Imishayo eseduze ihlukaniswa ngokwenkathi yefrikhwensi yomsakazo.Ku-RFQ linac, i-2 µs beam ephuma emthonjeni we-laser ion iguqulwa ibe ukulandelana kwemishayo engama-200.Ugongolo lube selusheshiselwa emandleni abaliwe.
I-RFQ yesisheshisi somugqa.(a) (kwesokunxele) Ukubuka kwangaphandle kwe-RFQ linac chamber.(b) (kwesokudla) I-electrode enezinduku ezine ekamelweni.
Imingcele yokuklama eyinhloko ye-RFQ linac amandla kagesi wenduku, imvamisa ye-resonant, i-beam hole radius, kanye nokushintshwa kwe-electrode.Khetha i-voltage entweni engu-± 29 kV ukuze indawo kagesi ibe ngaphansi komkhawulo wokuwohloka kukagesi.Lapho imvamisa ye-resonant iphansi, amandla okugxila asemaceleni aba makhulu kanye nenkambu yokusheshisa emaphakathi.I-aperture radii enkulu yenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhulisa usayizi we-beam futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kwandiswe i-beam yamanje ngenxa yokwehliswa kwenkokhelo yesikhala esincane.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-aperture radii emikhulu idinga amandla e-RF engeziwe ukuze inike amandla i-RFQ linac.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunqunyelwe izidingo zekhwalithi zesayithi.Ngokusekelwe kulawa mabhalansi, imvamisa ye-resonant (100 MHz) kanye ne-aperture radius (4.5 mm) zikhethelwe ukusheshisa kwe-high-current beam.I-modulation ikhethwa ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwe-beam futhi kukhuphule ukusheshisa ukusebenza kahle.Idizayini ithuthukiswe izikhathi eziningi ukuze ikhiqize umklamo we-RFQ linac ongasheshisa ama-ion angu-7Li3+ ku-40 mA ukusuka ku-22 keV/n kuya ku-204 keV/n phakathi kwamamitha angu-2.Amandla e-RF akalwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa ayengu-77 kW.
Ama-linacs e-RFQ angasheshisa ama-ion ngobubanzi obuthile be-Q/A.Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlaziya i-beam ephakelwayo kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-accelerator eqondile, kubalulekile ukucabangela ama-isotopes nezinye izinto.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ion afunwayo, asheshiswe kancane, kodwa ehle ngaphansi kwezimo zokusheshisa phakathi kwe-accelerator, asengakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokuvalelwa kwe-lateral futhi angathuthwa aze afike ekugcineni.Imisebe engadingeki ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya ezakhiwe ngo-7Li3+ ibizwa ngokuthi ukungcola.Ekuhloleni kwethu, ukungcola kwe-14N6+ kanye ne-16O7+ kwakuyizinto ezikhathazayo kakhulu, njengoba i-lithium metal foil isabela nge-oxygen ne-nitrogen emoyeni.Lawa ma-ion anesilinganiso se-Q/A esingasheshiswa ngo-7Li3+.Sisebenzisa izibuthe ze-dipole ukuze sihlukanise imishayo yekhwalithi ehlukile nekhwalithi yokuhlaziywa kwe-beam ngemva kwe-RFQ linac.
Ulayini we-beam ngemva kwe-RFQ linac yakhelwe ukuletha ugongolo olusheshiswe ngokugcwele lwe-7Li3+ ku-FC ngemva kukazibuthe we-dipole.-400 V ama-electrode asetshenziselwa ukucindezela ama-electron esibili enkomishini ukuze kulinganiswe ngokunembile umthamo wamanje we-ion.Ngalawa ma-optics, ama-ion trajectories ahlukaniswa abe ama-dipoles futhi agxile ezindaweni ezihlukene kuye nge-Q/A.Ngenxa yezici ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokusabalala komfutho kanye nokuhlehla kokushaja kwesikhala, i-beam ekugxilweni kwayo inobubanzi obuthile.Uhlobo lungahlukaniswa kuphela uma ibanga eliphakathi kwezindawo okugxilwe kuzo zezinhlobo ezimbili ze-ion likhulu kunobubanzi be-beam.Ukuze uthole ukulungiswa okuphezulu kakhulu, i-slit evundlile ifakwa eduze nokhalo lwe-beam, lapho ugongolo lugxile khona.Isikrini se-scintillation (CsI(Tl) esivela e-Saint-Gobain, 40 mm × 40 mm × 3 mm) sifakwe phakathi kokusikeka ne-PC.I-scintillator yasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe ukuhlukana okuncane kakhulu izinhlayiya eziklanyelwe okwakudingeka zidlule kukho ukuze zilungiswe kahle futhi zibonise osayizi abamukelekayo bemishayo yemishayo ye-ion esindayo ephezulu yamanje.Isithombe se-beam ku-scintillator sirekhodwa ikhamera ye-CCD ngefasitela le-vacuum.Lungisa iwindi lesikhathi sokuchayeka ukuze limboze bonke ububanzi be-beam pulse.
Amasethi edatha asetshenzisiwe noma ahlaziywa ocwaningweni lwamanje ayatholakala kubabhali abafanele uma kunesicelo esifanele.
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Anderson, IS et al.Amathuba okufunda imithombo ye-neutron ehlangene kuma-accelerator.i-physics.I-Rep. 654, 1-58.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2016.07.007 (2016).
Urchuoli, A. et al.I-neutron-based computed microtomography: I-Pliobates cataloniae ne-Barberapithecus huerzeleri njengamakesi okuhlola.Yebo.J. Physics.i-anthropology.166, 987–993.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23467 (2018).