Iphrothokholi ngayinye yokuhlola (uBrinell, Rockwell, Vickers) inezinqubo eziqondile entweni ehlolwayo.

Iphrothokholi ngayinye yokuhlola (uBrinell, Rockwell, Vickers) inezinqubo eziqondile entweni ehlolwayo.I-Rockwell t-test iwusizo ekuhloleni amapayipi anezindonga ezincane ngokusika ipayipi ngobude futhi uhlole udonga lwamapayipi ngobubanzi bangaphakathi kunobubanzi obungaphandle.
Uku-oda amapayipi kufana nokuya endaweni edayisa izimoto noku-oda imoto noma iloli.Manje kunenqwaba yezinketho ezitholakalayo ezivumela abathengi ukuthi benze imoto ngendlela oyifisayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene - imibala yangaphakathi nengaphandle, amaphakheji wokunquma, izinketho zesitayela sangaphandle, ukukhetha kwe-powertrain, kanye nesistimu yomsindo ecishe ifane nesistimu yokuzijabulisa yasekhaya.Ngazo zonke lezi zinketho, cishe ngeke waneliseke ngemoto evamile engafakwanga.
Lokhu kusebenza kumapayipi ensimbi.Inezinkulungwane zezinketho noma imininingwane.Ngokungeziwe kubukhulu, ukucaciswa kukhuluma ngezakhiwo zamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ezimbalwa ezinjengamandla amancane esivuno (MYS), amandla okuqina okugcina (i-UTS), kanye nokwelulwa okuncane kuya ekuhlulekeni.Nokho, abaningi embonini—onjiniyela, abenzeli abathengayo, nabakhiqizi—basebenzisa isifinyezo semboni futhi bafuna amapayipi ashiselwe “alula” futhi babala isici esisodwa kuphela: ubulukhuni.
Zama uku-oda imoto ngokusho kwesici esisodwa ("Ngidinga imoto ene-othomathikhi"), futhi nomthengisi ngeke uye kude.Kufanele agcwalise ifomu elinezinketho eziningi.Lokhu kunjalo ngamapayipi ensimbi: ukuze uthole ipayipi elifanele isicelo, umenzi wepayipi udinga ulwazi oluningi kunobunzima.
Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba ubulukhuni bube yinto eyamukelekayo esikhundleni sezinye izici zomshini?Cishe kwaqala ngabakhi bamapayipi.Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlola ubulukhuni kuyashesha, kulula, futhi kudinga okokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu, abathengisi bamapayipi bavame ukusebenzisa ukuhlola ubulukhuni ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi.Abakudingayo nje ukuhlola ubulukhuni ipayipi elibushelelezi kanye ne-test rig.
Ukuqina kwamapayipi kuhlobene eduze ne-UTS futhi umthetho wesithupha (iphesenti noma ububanzi bephesenti) uwusizo ekulinganiseni i-MYS, ngakho-ke kulula ukubona ukuthi ukuhlola ukuqina kungaba kanjani ummeleli ofanelekayo wezinye izakhiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izivivinyo zinzima uma kuqhathaniswa.Nakuba ukuhlola ubulukhuni kuthatha cishe iminithi kuphela emshinini owodwa, i-MYS, i-UTS nokuhlolwa kobude kudinga ukulungiswa kwesampula kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile emishinini emikhulu yaselabhorethri.Uma kuqhathaniswa, u-opharetha wesigayo sepayipi uqedela ukuhlolwa kokuqina ngemizuzwana, kuyilapho uchwepheshe we-metallurgist enza ukuhlola okuqinile emahoreni ambalwa.Ukwenza ukuhlolwa kokuqina akunzima.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi abakhiqizi bamapayipi obunjiniyela abasebenzisi ukuhlolwa kokuqina.Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi iningi lenza lokhu, kodwa njengoba lihlola ukuphindaphinda kwensimbi nokukhiqizwa kabusha kuwo wonke amathuluzi okuhlola, bayazi kahle imikhawulo yokuhlolwa.Iningi labo liyisebenzisela ukuhlola ubulukhuni beshubhu njengengxenye yenqubo yokukhiqiza, kodwa ungayisebenzisi ukulinganisa izakhiwo zeshubhu.Kumane kuwukuhlolwa kokuphasa/ukufeyila.
Kungani ngidinga ukwazi i-MYS, i-UTS kanye nobude obuncane?Babonisa ukusebenza komhlangano we-tube.
I-MYS ingamandla amancane abangela ukuwohloka unomphela kwento.Uma uzama ukugoba kancane ucezu oluqondile (njenge-hanger) futhi ukhulule ukucindezela, enye yezinto ezimbili izokwenzeka: izobuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala (iqondile) noma ihlale igobile.Uma isaqondile, awukakayitholi i-MYS okwamanje.Uma isagobile, ugejile.
Manje bamba zombili iziphetho zocingo ngamapulangwe.Uma ukwazi ukunqamula intambo phakathi, usuwedlule e-UTS.Uyidonsa kanzima futhi unezingcezu ezimbili zocingo ukuze ubonise imizamo yakho enamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu.Uma ubude bocingo bangempela bungama-intshi angu-5, futhi ubude obubili ngemva kokwehluleka bungeza ama-intshi angu-6, intambo izokwelula iyintshi engu-1, noma u-20%.Ukuhlolwa kwangempela kwe-tensile kukalwa phakathi kwamayintshi angu-2 wephuzu lokuphumula, kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini - umqondo wokushuba komugqa ubonisa i-UTS.
Izibonelo ze-Micrograph yensimbi kufanele zisikwe, zipholishwe, futhi zigxishwe ngesisombululo esine-asidi ebuthakathaka (imvamisa i-nitric acid notshwala) ukuze kwenziwe izinhlamvu zibonakale.Ukukhulisa okungu-100x kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinhlamvu zensimbi nokuthola usayizi wazo.
Ukuqina kuwukuhlola ukuthi into ethile isabela kanjani kumthelela.Cabanga ukuthi ubude obufushane be-tubing bubekwe ku-vise enemihlathi ehlutshiwe futhi inyakaziswa ukuvala i-vise.Ngaphezu kokuqondisa ipayipi, i-vise imihlathi ishiya i-imprint ebusweni bepayipi.
Yile ndlela ukuhlolwa kokuqina okusebenza ngayo, kodwa akunzima kangako.Ukuhlolwa kunosayizi womthelela olawulwayo kanye nengcindezi elawulwayo.Lawa mandla akhubaza indawo engaphezulu, akhe ama-indent noma ama-indent.Ubukhulu noma ukujula kwesibotho kunquma ubulukhuni bensimbi.
Lapho kuhlolwa insimbi, iBrinell, Vickers kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Rockwell kuvame ukusetshenziswa.Ngalinye linesikali salo, futhi ezinye zazo zinezindlela eziningi zokuhlola ezifana ne-Rockwell A, B, C, njll. Ngamapayipi ensimbi, ukucaciswa kwe-ASTM A513 kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kwe-Rockwell B (okufushanisiwe ngokuthi i-HRB noma i-RB).Ukuhlolwa kwe-Rockwell B kukala umehluko wamandla okungena webhola lensimbi elingu-1⁄16 inch diayamitha ibe yinsimbi phakathi kokulayisha kuqala ukukhanya nomthwalo oyisisekelo ongu-100 kgf.Umphumela ojwayelekile wensimbi ethambile ejwayelekile yi-HRB 60.
Ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo bayazi ukuthi ubulukhuni bunobudlelwano obuqondile ne-UTS.Ngakho-ke, ubulukhuni obunikeziwe bubikezela i-UTS.Ngokufanayo, umenzi wamapayipi uyazi ukuthi i-MYS ne-UTS zihlobene.Emapayipini ashiselwe, i-MYS ivamise ukuba ngu-70% kuya ku-85% we-UTS.Inani eliqondile lincike enqubweni yokukhiqiza ishubhu.Ubulukhuni be-HRB 60 buhambisana ne-UTS 60,000 phawundi ngentshi yesikwele (PSI) futhi cishe 80% MYS, okuyi-48,000 PSI.
Ukucaciswa kwepayipi okuvame kakhulu ukukhiqizwa okujwayelekile ubulukhuni obukhulu.Ngaphezu kobukhulu, onjiniyela baphinde banesithakazelo ekucaciseni amapayipi ashiselwe ukumelana (RW) ngaphakathi kwebanga lokusebenza elihle, okungaholela engxenyeni yemidwebo enobunzima obukhulu obungaba khona be-HRB 60. Lesi sinqumo sisodwa siphumela ezicini eziningi zemishini yokugcina, kuhlanganise nobulukhuni uqobo lwayo.
Okokuqala, ubulukhuni be-HRB 60 abusitsheli okuningi.Ukufundwa kwe-HRB 60 kuyinombolo engenasici.Izinto ezilinganiselwe ku-HRB 59 zithambile kunalezo ezihlolwe ku-HRB 60, futhi i-HRB 61 ilukhuni kune-HRB 60, kodwa kangakanani?Ayinakulinganiswa njengevolumu (ikalwa ngama-decibel), i-torque ( ikalwa ngamaphawundi amafidi), isivinini ( ikalwa ngebanga uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi), noma i-UTS ( ikalwa ngamaphawundi ngeyintshi yesikwele).Ukufunda i-HRB 60 akusitsheli lutho oluqondile.Kuyimpahla, hhayi impahla ebonakalayo.Okwesibili, ukunqunywa kobulukhuni ngokwako akufanelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuphindaphinda noma ukuzala kabusha.Ukuhlolwa kwamasayithi amabili kusampula, ngisho noma izingosi zokuhlola zisondelene, ngokuvamile kuholela ekufundweni kobunzima obuhluke kakhulu.Imvelo yokuhlolwa ibhebhethekisa le nkinga.Ngemva kokukalwa kwendawo eyodwa, ukulinganisa kwesibili akukwazi ukuthathwa ukuze kuhlolwe umphumela.Ukuphinda ukuhlolwa akunakwenzeka.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukukala ubulukhuni akulula.Empeleni, lesi umhlahlandlela omuhle wezinto ze-UTS, futhi isivivinyo esisheshayo nesilula.Kodwa-ke, noma ngubani obambe iqhaza encazelweni, ekuthengweni, nasekukhiqizweni kwamashubhu kufanele aqaphele ukulinganiselwa kwawo njengepharamitha yokuhlola.
Ngenxa yokuthi ipayipi “elivamile” alichazwanga ngokucacile, abakhiqizi bamapayipi ngokuvamile bayalinciphisa libe yizinhlobo ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zensimbi nepayipi njengoba kuchazwe ku-ASTM A513:1008 naku-1010 uma kufaneleka.Ngisho nangemva kokungabandakanyi zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamapayipi, amathuba ezakhiwo zemishini yalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamapayipi ahlala evulekile.Eqinisweni, lezi zinhlobo zamapayipi zinezinhlobonhlobo ezibanzi kakhulu zemishini yazo zonke izinhlobo zamapayipi.
Isibonelo, ishubhu libhekwa njengethambile uma i-MYS iphansi futhi ubude buphakeme, okusho ukuthi lenza kangcono ngokwelula, ukuguquguquka, nokuguquguquka unomphela kuneshubhu elichazwa ngokuthi liqinile, eline-MYS ephakeme kakhulu kanye nobude obuphansi kakhulu. ..Lokhu kufana nomehluko phakathi kocingo oluthambile nocingo oluqinile njengeziphanyeko zezingubo nama-drill.
Ukwelulwa ngokwako kungenye into enomthelela omkhulu ekufakweni kwamapayipi abalulekile.Amapayipi amade aphezulu angakwazi ukumelana nokwelula;izinto ezinwebekayo eziphansi ziba brittle futhi ngenxa yalokho zithambekele ekuhlulekeni kokukhathala okuyinhlekelele.Kodwa-ke, ukwelulwa akuhlobene ngokuqondile ne-UTS, okuwukuphela kwempahla eyimishini ehlobene ngokuqondile nobulukhuni.
Kungani amapayipi ehluka kakhulu ezindaweni zawo zemishini?Okokuqala, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuhlukile.Insimbi iyisisombululo esiqinile sensimbi nekhabhoni, kanye namanye ama-alloys abalulekile.Ukwenza kube lula, sizobhekana kuphela nephesenti lekhabhoni.Ama-athomu ekhabhoni athatha indawo yama-athomu ensimbi, enze ukwakheka kwe-crystalline kwensimbi.I-ASTM 1008 iyibanga eliyisisekelo eliphelele elinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kusuka ku-0% kuya ku-0.10%.Uziro inombolo ekhethekile ehlinzeka ngezakhiwo ezihlukile kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi kakhulu ngensimbi.I-ASTM 1010 ichaza okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kusuka ku-0.08% kuya ku-0.13%.Lo mehluko awubonakali mkhulu, kodwa wanele ukwenza umehluko omkhulu kwenye indawo.
Okwesibili, amapayipi ensimbi angenziwa noma akhiqizwe futhi kamuva acutshungulwe ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza eziyisikhombisa ezahlukene.I-ASTM A513 mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamapayipi e-ERW ibala izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa:
Uma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi kanye nezigaba zokukhiqiza amapayipi akuthinti ubulukhuni bensimbi, kuthiwani?Impendulo yalo mbuzo isho ukutadisha ngokucophelela imininingwane.Lo mbuzo uholela kweminye imibuzo emibili: yimiphi imininingwane futhi isondelene kangakanani?
Ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nezinhlamvu ezakha insimbi yimpendulo yokuqala.Lapho insimbi ikhiqizwa emshinini wokuqala wokugaya, ayipholi ibe yinqwaba enendawo eyodwa.Njengoba insimbi iphola, ama-molecule ayo akha amaphethini aphindaphindayo (amakristalu), afana nendlela amakhekheba eqhwa akha ngayo.Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwamakristalu, ahlanganiswa abe ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi okusanhlamvu.Njengoba izinhlamvu zipholile, ziyakhula, zakhe ishidi noma ipuleti lonke.Ukukhula okusanhlamvu kuyama lapho i-molecule yokugcina yensimbi imuncwa okusanhlamvu.Konke lokhu kwenzeka ezingeni le-microscopic, okusanhlamvu kwensimbi okuphakathi nendawo okungaba ama-microns angu-64 noma amayintshi angu-0.0025 ububanzi.Nakuba uhlamvu ngalunye lufana nolunye, alufani.Zihluka kancane komunye nomunye ngosayizi, umumo, kanye nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlamvu kubizwa ngokuthi imingcele yokusanhlamvu.Uma insimbi ihluleka, isibonelo ngenxa yokuqhekeka kokukhathala, ivame ukuhluleka emingceleni yokusanhlamvu.
Kufanele ubheke eduze kangakanani ukuze ubone izinhlayiya ezihlukene?Ukukhulisa izikhathi eziyi-100 noma izikhathi eziyikhulu ukukwazi ukubona kweso lomuntu kwanele.Kodwa-ke, ukumane ubheke insimbi eluhlaza emandleni e-100 akwenzi okuningi.Amasampula alungiswa ngokupholisha isampula nokunamathisela indawo nge-asidi, ngokuvamile i-nitric acid notshwala, okubizwa ngokuthi i-nitric acid etching.
Izinhlamvu kanye ne-lattice yazo yangaphakathi enquma amandla omthelela, i-MYS, i-UTS, nobude insimbi engamelana nayo ngaphambi kokwehluleka.
Izinyathelo zokwenza insimbi ezifana nengcindezi yokudlulisa imigqa eshisayo nebandayo esakhiweni sokusanhlamvu;uma beshintsha njalo ukuma, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukucindezeleka kuye kwakhubaza okusanhlamvu.Ezinye izinyathelo zokucubungula ezifana nokusonga insimbi ibe amakhoyili, ukuqaqa kanye nokudlula emshinini wokugaya (ukwenza ishubhu nosayizi) kukhubaza izinhlamvu zensimbi.Umdwebo obandayo wepayipi ku-mandrel uphinde ugcizelele izinto ezibonakalayo, njengoba kwenza izinyathelo zokukhiqiza ezifana nokuphela kokubumba nokugoba.Izinguquko esakhiweni sokusanhlamvu zibizwa ngokuthi ama-dislocation.
Izinyathelo ezingenhla ziqeda i-ductility yensimbi, ikhono layo lokumelana nengcindezi eqinile (eklebhuka).Insimbi iba brittle, okusho ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi iphuke uma uqhubeka nokusebenza ngensimbi.I-Elongation iyingxenye eyodwa ye-plasticity (i-compressibility ingenye).Kubalulekile ukuqonda lapha ukuthi ukwehluleka kuvame ukwenzeka ekucindezelekeni, hhayi ekucindezelekeni.Insimbi imelana kakhulu nezingcindezi eziqinile ngenxa yobude bayo obuphakeme.Nokho, insimbi iguga kalula ngaphansi kwengcindezi ecindezelayo—ithambile—okuyinzuzo.
Qhathanisa lokhu nokhonkolo, onamandla okucindezela aphezulu kakhulu kodwa i-ductility ephansi.Lezi zakhiwo ziphambene nensimbi.Kungakho ukhonkolo osetshenziswa emigwaqeni, ezakhiweni nasezindleleni zezinyawo kuvame ukuqiniswa.Umphumela uba umkhiqizo onamandla azo zombili izinto: insimbi iqinile ekubambeni futhi ukhonkolo unamandla ekucindezelekeni.
Ngesikhathi sokuqina, i-ductility yensimbi iyancipha, futhi ubulukhuni bayo buyanda.Ngamanye amazwi, kuyaqina.Kuye ngesimo, lokhu kungaba inzuzo, kodwa kungase futhi kube yingozi, njengoba ubulukhuni bulingana no-brittleness.Okusho ukuthi, uma insimbi iqinile, iyancipha kancane futhi ngenxa yalokho kungenzeka ukuthi ihluleke.
Ngamanye amazwi, isinyathelo ngasinye senqubo sidinga i-ductility yamapayipi.Njengoba ingxenye icutshungulwa, iba nzima, futhi uma inzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngokuyisisekelo ayinamsebenzi.Ubulukhuni buwukuqina, futhi amashubhu aphukayo ajwayele ukwehluleka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
Ingabe umenzi unezinketho kulokhu?Ngamafuphi, yebo.Le nketho iyanciphisa, futhi nakuba ingeyona imilingo impela, icishe ibe ngumlingo ngendlela engaba ngayo.
Ngamagama alula, i-annealing isusa yonke imiphumela yomthelela womzimba ezinsimbi.Kule nqubo, insimbi iyashiswa ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka noma ukushisa kwe-recrystallization, okuholela ekususweni kokuhlukaniswa.Ngakho, inqubo ibuyisela kancane noma ngokuphelele i-ductility, kuye ngezinga lokushisa elithile kanye nesikhathi esisetshenziswe enqubweni yokudonsa.
Ukupholisa okune-anealing nokulawulwayo kukhuthaza ukukhula okusanhlamvu.Lokhu kunenzuzo uma umgomo uwukunciphisa ukonakala kwezinto, kodwa ukukhula okungalawuleki okusanhlamvu kungathambisa insimbi kakhulu, kuyenze ingasebenziseki ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuhlosiwe.Ukumisa inqubo yokukhipha isisu kungenye into ecishe ibe ngumlingo.Ukucisha izinga lokushisa elifanele nge-ejenti efanele yokuqina ngesikhathi esifanele ngokushesha kumisa inqubo futhi kubuyisele izakhiwo zensimbi.
Ingabe kufanele silahle imininingwane yokuqina?cha.Izakhiwo zokuqina zibalulekile, okokuqala, njengesiqondiso ekunqumeni izici zamapayipi ensimbi.Ukuqina buyisilinganiso esiwusizo kanye nesinye sezakhiwo ezimbalwa okufanele zicaciswe lapho ku-oda impahla ye-tubular futhi kuhlolwe lapho kutholwa (kubhalwe phansi ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye).Uma ukuhlolwa kokuqina kusetshenziswa njengezinga lokuhlola, kufanele kube namanani esikali afanelekile kanye nemikhawulo yokulawula.
Nokho, lokhu akulona uvivinyo lwangempela lokudlula (ukwamukela noma ukwenqatshwa) kokuqukethwe.Ngaphezu kokuqina, abakhiqizi kufanele bahlole ukuthunyelwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze banqume ezinye izakhiwo ezifanele ezifana ne-MYS, i-UTS, noma ubude obuncane, kuye ngokufakwa kwepayipi.
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