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Kulolu cwaningo, kwasungulwa indlela yokunqunywa kanyekanye kwamaphenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen emanzini okuphuza kusetshenziswa i-flow analyzer.Amasampula aqale acwiliswa ku-145°C.I-phenol ku-distillate bese isabela ne-basic ferricyanide kanye ne-4-aminoantipyrine ukuze yakhe inkimbinkimbi ebomvu, elinganiswa nge-colorimetrically ku-505 nm.I-cyanide ku-distillate bese isabela ne-chloramine T ukuze yakhe i-cyanochloride, ebese yenza inxanxathela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ene-pyridinecarboxylic acid, elinganiswa ngombala ku-630 nm.Ama-anionic surfactants asabela nge-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyisisekelo ukwakha inhlanganisela ekhishwa nge-chloroform futhi igezwe nge-acidic methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze kukhishwe izinto eziphazamisayo.Inhlanganisela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-chloroform yanqunywa ngombala ku-660 nm.Endaweni ene-alkali enobude begagasi obungu-660 nm, i-ammonia ihlangana ne-salicylate ne-chlorine ku-dichloroisocyanuric acid yakhe i-indophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-37 °C.Ekugxilweni kwesisindo sama-phenols aguquguqukayo nama-cyanides ebangeni lika-2–100 µg/l, ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhlobene kube ngu-0.75–6.10% kanye no-0.36–5.41%, ngokulandelana, futhi amazinga okuthola kabusha abengu-96.2–103.6% kanye no-96.0%-102.4% .%.I-coefficient yokuhlobana komugqa ≥ 0.9999, imikhawulo yokutholwa ngu-1.2 µg/L no-0.9 µg/L.Ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhlobene kube ngu-0.27–4.86% no-0.33–5.39%, futhi ukutholwa kube ngu-93.7–107.0% no-94.4–101.7%.Ekuhlanganiseni okukhulu kwama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen 10 ~ 1000 μg / l.Ama-coefficients omugqa wokuhlanganisa abe ngu-0.9995 kanye no-0.9999, imikhawulo yokutholwa yayingu-10.7 µg/l no-7.3 µg/l, ngokulandelanayo.Kwakungekho mehluko wezibalo uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yezinga kazwelonke.Indlela yonga isikhathi nomzamo, inomkhawulo ophansi wokuthola, ukunemba okuphezulu nokunemba, ukungcoliswa okuncane, futhi ifaneleka kakhulu ukuhlaziya nokunqunywa kwamasampula evolumu enkulu.
Ama-phenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammonium nitrogen1 amakaki ezakhi ze-organoleptic, zomzimba neze-metalloid emanzini okuphuza.Izinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ziyizingqimba eziyisisekelo zokwakha amakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa eziningi, kodwa i-phenol nama-homologues ayo nawo anobuthi futhi kunzima ukuwohloka kwemvelo.Zikhishwa ngesikhathi sezinqubo eziningi zezimboni futhi seziphenduke ukungcola okujwayelekile kwemvelo2,3.Izinto ezinobuthi kakhulu ze-phenolic zingamuncwa emzimbeni ngesikhumba nezitho zokuphefumula.Iningi labo lilahlekelwa ubuthi ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhipha ubuthi ngemva kokungena emzimbeni womuntu, bese liphuma emchamweni.Kodwa-ke, lapho amandla ajwayelekile okukhipha ubuthi emzimbeni eqiwe, izingxenye ezingaphezu kwamandla zinganqwabelana ezithweni nasezicutshini ezihlukahlukene, okuholela ekubeni nobuthi obungapheli, ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuqubuka, ukulunywa kwesikhumba, ukukhathazeka ngokwengqondo, i-anemia, kanye nezimpawu ezihlukahlukene zezinzwa 4, 5, 6,7.I-Cyanide iyingozi kakhulu, kodwa isabalele ngokwemvelo.Ukudla okuningi nezitshalo kuqukethe i-cyanide, engakhiqizwa amanye amagciwane, isikhunta noma ulwelwe8,9.Emikhiqizweni yokuwasha njengama-shampoos nokugeza umzimba, ama-anionic surfactants avame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza lula ukuhlanzeka ngoba ahlinzeka le mikhiqizo ngekhwalithi ephezulu ye-lather negwebu abathengi abayifunayo.Kodwa-ke, ama-surfactants amaningi angacasula isikhumba10,11.Amanzi okuphuza, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu kanye namanzi angcolile aqukethe i-nitrogen esesimweni se-ammonia yamahhala (NH3) nosawoti we-ammonium (NH4+), owaziwa ngokuthi i-ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N).Imikhiqizo ebolayo yezinto eziphilayo eziqukethe i-nitrogen emanzini angcolile asekhaya yizilwanyana ezincane kakhulu ziphuma emanzini angcolile ezimbonini afana ne-coking ne-synthetic ammonia, eyenza ingxenye ye-ammoniacal nitrogen emanzini12,13,14.Izindlela eziningi, ezihlanganisa i-spectrophotometry15,16,17, chromatography18,19,20,21 kanye nomjovo wokugeleza15,22,23,24 zingasetshenziswa ukukala lezi zinto ezine ezingcolile emanzini.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, i-spectrophotometry idume kakhulu1.Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise amamojula amane eziteshi ezimbili ukuze kuhlolwe kanyekanye ama-phenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants, nama-sulfide.
Kusetshenziswe i-AA500 flow flow analyzer (SEAL, Germany), ibhalansi kagesi engu-SL252 (i-Shanghai Mingqiao Electronic Instrument Factory, e-China), kanye nemitha yamanzi e-Milli-Q ultrapure (Merck Millipore, USA) isetshenzisiwe.Wonke amakhemikhali asetshenziswe kulo msebenzi ayengamazinga okuhlaziya, futhi amanzi angcolile asetshenziswa kuzo zonke izivivinyo.I-Hydrochloric acid, i-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid, i-boric acid, i-chloroform, i-ethanol, i-sodium tetraborate, i-isonicotinic acid ne-4-aminoantipyrine ithengwe kwa-Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).I-Triton X-100, i-sodium hydroxide ne-potassium chloride ithengwe e-Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (China).I-Potassium ferricyanide, i-sodium nitroprusside, i-sodium salicylate ne-N,N-dimethylformamide inikezwe i-Tianjin Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).I-Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, i-disodium hydrogen phosphate, i-pyrazolone ne-methylene blue trihydrate ithengwe kwa-Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).I-Trisodium citrate dihydrate, i-polyoxyethylene lauryl ether ne-sodium dichloroisocyanurate ithengwe kwa-Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China).Izisombululo ezijwayelekile zamaphenoli aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants, ne-aqueous ammonia nitrogen zathengwa e-China Institute of Metrology.
I-Distillation Reagent: Hlanganisa i-160 ml ye-phosphoric acid ibe yi-1000 ml ngamanzi ahlanzekile.Isigcinalwazi esigciniwe: Kala u-9 g we-boric acid, u-5 g we-sodium hydroxide kanye no-10 g we-potassium chloride bese unciphisa ku-1000 ml ngamanzi angcolile.I-Absorption Reagent (evuselelwa masonto onke): Linganisa ngokunembile isigcina sesitoko esingu-200 ml, engeza u-1 ml 50% Triton X-100 (v/v, Triton X-100/ethanol) futhi usebenzise ngemva kokuhlunga ngolwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45 µm.I-Potassium ferricyanide (ivuselelwa masonto onke): Kala u-0.15 g we-potassium ferricyanide bese uyincibilikisa ku-200 ml we-reserve buffer, engeza u-1 ml ka-50% we-Triton X-100, hlunga ngolwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45 µm ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.I-4-Aminoantipyrine (ivuselelwa masonto onke): Kala u-0.2 g we-4-aminoantipyrine bese incibilika ngo-200 ml wesilondolozi sesitoko, engeza u-1 ml ka-50% we-Triton X-100, hlunga ngolwelwesi lwesihlungi esingu-0.45 µm.
I-Reagent ye-distillation: i-phenol eguquguqukayo.Isixazululo sebhafa: Kala u-3 g we-potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 15 g we-disodium hydrogen phosphate kanye no-3 g we-trisodium citrate dihydrate bese unciphisa ku-1000 ml ngamanzi ahlanzekile.Bese wengeza u-2 ml we-50% Triton X-100.I-Chloramine T: Kala u-0.2 g we-chloramine T bese uyinciphisa ibe ngu-200 ml ngamanzi angcolile.I-Chromogenic reagent: I-Chromogenic reagent A: Chaza ngokuphelele u-1.5 g we-pyrazolone ku-20 ml we-N,N-dimethylformamide.Unjiniyela B: Chaza u-3.5 g we-hionicotinic acid kanye no-6 ml we-5 M NaOH ku-100 ml wamanzi enziwe i-deionized.Xuba Unjiniyela A kanye Nonjiniyela B ngaphambi kokusebenzisa, lungisa i-pH iye ku-7.0 ngesisombululo se-NaOH noma isixazululo se-HCl, bese unciphisa ku-200 ml ngamanzi akhishwe i-deionized nesihlungi ukuze usetshenziswe kamuva.
Isixazululo se-buffer: Chaza u-10 g we-sodium tetraborate kanye no-2 g we-sodium hydroxide emanzini angenalutho bese unciphisa ku-1000 ml.0.025% isixazululo se-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Chaza u-0.05 g we-methylene blue trihydrate emanzini angcolile futhi wenze kufika ku-200 ml.I-Methylene blue stock buffer (evuselelwa nsuku zonke): nciphisa u-20 ml wesisombululo esiluhlaza se-methylene engu-0.025% sibe ngu-100 ml nge-stock buffer.Dlulisela kufaneli ehlukanisayo, geza ngo-20 ml we-chloroform, ulahle i-chloroform esetshenzisiwe futhi ugeze nge-chloroform entsha kuze kunyamalale umbala obomvu wongqimba lwe-chloroform (imvamisa izikhathi ezi-3), bese uhlunga.I-Basic Methylene Blue: Nciphisa u-60 ml wesisombululo sesitoko esihlungiwe se-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kusixazululo sesitoko esingu-200 ml, engeza u-20 ml we-ethanol, uhlanganise kahle kanye ne-degas.I-Acid methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Engeza u-2 ml wesisombululo esiluhlaza se-methylene engu-0.025% cishe ku-150 ml wamanzi angcolile, engeza u-1.0 ml we-1% H2SO4 bese unciphisa ku-200 ml ngamanzi akhishwe.Bese wengeza u-80 ml we-ethanol, uhlanganise kahle ne-degas.
Isixazululo se-polyoxyethylene lauryl ether engu-20%: Kala u-20 g we-polyoxyethylene lauryl ether bese unciphisa ku-1000 ml ngamanzi akhishwe.Isivimbeli: Kala u-20 g we-trisodium citrate, nciphisa ku-500 ml ngamanzi angcolile bese wengeza u-1.0 ml ka-20% we-polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.Isixazululo se-sodium salicylate (evuselelwa masonto onke): Kala u-20 g we-sodium salicylate kanye no-0.5 g we-potassium ferricyanide nitrite bese uncibilika ku-500 ml wamanzi angcolile.Isixazululo se-sodium dichloroisocyanurate (evuselelwa masonto onke): Kala u-10 g we-sodium hydroxide kanye no-1.5 g we-sodium dichloroisocyanurate bese uwancibilikisa ku-500 ml wamanzi angcolile.
Amazinga aguquguqukayo e-phenol ne-cyanide alungiselwe njengezixazululo ze-0 µg/l, 2 µg/l, 5 µg/l, 10 µg/l, 25 µg/l, 50 µg/l, 75 µg/l no-100 µg/l, kusetshenziswa 0.01 M isixazululo se-sodium hydroxide.I-anionic surfactant kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen standard yalungiswa kusetshenziswa amanzi enziwe i-deionized 0 µg/L, 10 µg/L, 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, 750 µg/L kanye no-1g/L .isisombululo.
Qala ithangi lomjikelezo wokupholisa, bese (ngokulandelana) uvule ikhompuyutha, isampula namandla kumsingathi we-AA500, hlola ukuthi ipayipi lixhumeke kahle yini, faka ipayipi lomoya kuvalvu yomoya, vala ipuleti lokucindezela lephampu ye-peristaltic, faka ipayipi le-reagent emanzini ahlanzekile phakathi nendawo.Qalisa isofthiwe, yenza kusebenze iwindi lesiteshi elihambisanayo futhi uhlole ukuthi amapayipi axhumayo axhumeke ngokuphephile yini futhi uma kukhona izikhala noma ukuvuza komoya.Uma kungekho ukuvuza, funa i-reagent efanele.Ngemva kokuthi isisekelo sewindi lesiteshi zizinzile, khetha bese uqhuba ifayela lendlela elishiwo ukuze litholwe futhi lihlaziywe.Izimo zezinsimbi ziboniswa kuThebula 1.
Kule ndlela ezenzakalelayo yokunqunywa kwe-phenol ne-cyanide, amasampula aqala ukucwiliswa ku-145 °C.I-phenol ku-distillate bese isabela ne-basic ferricyanide kanye ne-4-aminoantipyrine ukuze yakhe inkimbinkimbi ebomvu, elinganiswa nge-colorimetrically ku-505 nm.I-cyanide ku-distillate bese isabela ne-chloramine T ukuze yakhe i-cyanochloride, eyenza inxanxathela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ene-pyridinecarboxylic acid, elinganiswa ngombala ku-630 nm.Ama-surfactants e-anionic asabela nge-methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze enze izinhlanganisela ezikhishwa nge-chloroform futhi zihlukaniswe isihlukanisi sesigaba.Isigaba se-chloroform sabe sesigezwa nge-acidic methylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze kukhishwe izinto eziphazamisayo futhi sihlukaniswe futhi ngesihlukanisi sesigaba sesibili.Ukunqunywa kombala kwenhlanganisela eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-chloroform ku-660 nm.Ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni kwe-Berthelot, i-ammonia ihlangana ne-salicylate ne-chlorine ku-dichloroisocyanuric acid endaweni ye-alkaline engu-37 °C ukuze yakhe i-indophenol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.I-sodium nitroprusside isetshenziswe njenge-catalyst ekuphenduleni, futhi umbala owumphumela walinganiswa ku-660 nm.Umgomo wale ndlela uboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.
Umdwebo ohleliwe wendlela yesampula eqhubekayo yokunquma ama-phenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammoniacal nitrogen.
Ukuhlushwa kwama-phenol aguquguqukayo nama-cyanides bekusukela ku-2 kuye ku-100 µg/l, i-linear coefficient 1.000, regression equation y = (3.888331E + 005) x + (9.938599E + 003).I-coefficient yokuhlanganisa ye-cyanide ingu-1.000 futhi isibalo sokuhlehla sithi y = (3.551656E + 005) x + (9.951319E + 003).I-anionic surfactant inokuncika okuhle komugqa ekuhlanganiseni kwe-ammonia nitrogen ebangeni lika-10-1000 µg/L.Ama-coefficients okuxhumana ama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen abengu-0.9995 kanye no-0.9999, ngokulandelanayo.Izibalo zokuhlehla: y = (2.181170E + 004)x + (1.144847E + 004) kanye no-y = (2.375085E + 004)x + (9.631056E + 003), ngokulandelanayo.Isampuli yokulawula yayikalwa ngokuqhubekayo izikhathi ezingu-11, futhi umkhawulo wokutholwa kwendlela wahlukaniswa ngokuchezuka okujwayelekile okungu-3 kwesampula yokulawula ngokwethambeka ngalinye lejika elijwayelekile.Imikhawulo yokuthola yama-phenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants, ne-ammonia nitrogen yayingu-1.2 µg/l, 0.9 µg/l, 10.7 µg/l, kanye no-7.3 µg/l, ngokulandelana.Umkhawulo wokutholwa ungaphansi kwendlela evamile kazwelonke, bona Ithebula 2 ukuze uthole imininingwane.
Engeza izixazululo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezimaphakathi, neziphansi kumasampuli amanzi angenazo izinsalela zokuhlaziya.Ukubuyiselwa nokunemba kwe-Intraday nezinsuku zangaphakathi kubalwe ngemva kwezilinganiso eziyisikhombisa ezilandelanayo.Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 3, i-intraday kanye ne-intraday volatile phenol extractions kwakuyi-98.0-103.6% kanye ne-96.2-102.0%, ngokulandelana, ngokuphambuka okujwayelekile okuhlobene kuka-0.75-2.80% no-1. 27-6.10%.Ukubuyiselwa kwe-cyanide ye-intraday ne-interday kwaba ngu-101.0-102.0% no-96.0-102.4%, ngokulandelana, futhi ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhlobene kwaba ngu-0.36-2.26% kanye no-2.36-5.41%, ngokulandelana.Ukwengeza, i-intraday ne-interday extractions yama-anionic surfactants kube ngu-94.3–107.0% kanye no-93.7–101.6%, ngokulandelana, nokuchezuka okujwayelekile okuhlobene kuka-0.27–0.96% no-4.44–4.86%.Okokugcina, ukutholwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen kwangaphakathi nokwaphakathi kwezinsuku kube ngu-98.0–101.7% kanye no-94.4–97.8%, ngokulandelana, ngokuphambuka okulinganiselwe okungu-0.33–3.13% no-4.45–5.39%, ngokulandelana.njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 3.
Inqwaba yezindlela zokuhlola, ezihlanganisa i-spectrophotometry15,16,17 kanye ne-chromatography25,26, zingasetshenziswa ukukala ukungcola okune emanzini.I-Chemical spectrophotometry iyindlela esanda kucwaningwa yokuthola lezi zinto ezingcolisayo, ezidingwa izindinganiso zikazwelonke 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Idinga izinyathelo ezifana nokukhishwa kwe-distillation kanye nokukhipha, okuholela enkambisweni ende enokuzwela okunganele nokunemba.Kuhle, ukunemba okubi.Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamakhemikhali emvelo kungaba yingozi empilweni kwabahlolayo.Nakuba i-chromatography ishesha, ilula, isebenza kahle, futhi inemikhawulo ephansi yokuthola, ayikwazi ukubona izinhlanganisela ezine ngesikhathi esisodwa.Kodwa-ke, izimo eziguquguqukayo ezingalingani zisetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kwamakhemikhali kusetshenziswa i-spectrophotometry yokugeleza okuqhubekayo, esekelwe ekugelezeni okuqhubekayo kwegesi esikhathini sokugeleza kwesixazululo sesampula, ukwengeza ama-reagents ngezilinganiso ezifanele nokulandelana ngenkathi kuqedela ukusabela nge-mix loop. futhi iwuthole ku-spectrophotometer, isuse amabhamuza omoya ngaphambilini.Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yokutholwa iyazenzakalela, amasampuli akhishwa futhi abuyiswe ku-inthanethi endaweni evalwe ngokuqhathaniswa.Le ndlela ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi, iphinde yehlise isikhathi sokutholwa, yenza imisebenzi ibe lula, inciphise ukungcoliswa kwe-reagent, ikhulise ukuzwela kanye nomkhawulo wokuthola wendlela.
I-anionic surfactant ne-ammonia nitrogen kufakwe emkhiqizweni wokuhlola ohlanganisiwe ekuhlanganiseni okungu-250 µg/L.Sebenzisa into evamile ukuze uguqule i-phenol ne-cyanide ibe into yokuhlola ekuhlanganiseni okungu-10 µg/L.Ukuze kuhlaziywe futhi kutholwe, kusetshenziswe indlela ejwayelekile kazwelonke kanye nale ndlela (ukuhlola oku-6 parallel).Imiphumela yalezi zindlela ezimbili iqhathaniswe kusetshenziswa isivivinyo sika-t esizimele.Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 4, awukho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili (P> 0.05).
Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise i-analyzer yokugeleza eqhubekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe kanyekanye futhi kutholwe ama-phenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen.Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonisa ukuthi umthamo wesampula osetshenziswa umhlaziyi wokugeleza oqhubekayo uphansi kunendlela evamile kazwelonke.Futhi inemikhawulo ephansi yokuthola, isebenzisa ama-reagents ambalwa angu-80%, idinga isikhathi esincane sokucubungula amasampula ngamanye, futhi isebenzisa i-chloroform encane kakhulu ye-carcinogenic.Ukucubungula ku-inthanethi kuhlanganisiwe futhi kuyazenzakalela.Ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kufisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-reagents namasampuli, bese kuxutshwa kumjikelezo wokuhlanganisa, kuzifudumeze ngokuzenzakalelayo, kukhishwe futhi kubalwe nge-colorimetry.Inqubo yokuhlola yenziwa ngesistimu evaliwe, esheshisa isikhathi sokuhlaziya, enciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, futhi esiza ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabahloli.Izinyathelo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana nokucwiliswa kwezandla kanye nokukhipha azidingeki22,32.Kodwa-ke, ukufakwa kwamapayipi nezinsiza kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi imiphumela yokuhlolwa ithonywa izici eziningi ezingabangela kalula ukungazinzi kwesistimu.Kunezinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ongazithatha ukuze uthuthukise ukunemba kwemiphumela yakho futhi uvimbele ukuphazamiseka esivivinyweni sakho.(1) Inani le-pH lesixazululo kufanele licatshangelwe lapho kunqunywa ama-phenol aguquguqukayo nama-cyanides.I-pH kufanele ibe ngu-2 ngaphambi kokuba ingene kukhoyili ye-distillation.Ku-pH> 3, ama-amine anephunga elimnandi nawo angachithwa, futhi ukusabela nge-4-aminoantipyrine kunganikeza amaphutha.Futhi ku-pH > 2.5, ukutholwa kwe-K3[Fe(CN)6] kuzoba ngaphansi kwama-90%.Amasampula anosawoti ongaphezu kuka-10 g/l angavala ikhoyili ye-distillation futhi abangele izinkinga.Kulesi simo, amanzi ahlanzekile kufanele afakwe ukuze kuncishiswe usawoti wesampula33.(2) Lezi zici ezilandelayo zingase zithinte ukuhlonzwa kwama-anionic surfactants: Amakhemikhali e-cationic angakha amapheya e-ion aqinile nama-anionic surfactants.Imiphumela ingase futhi ibe nokuchema lapho kukhona: ukugxila kwe-humic acid engaphezu kuka-20 mg/l;amakhompawundi anemisebenzi ephezulu (isb. amanye ama-surfactants) > 50 mg/l;izinto ezinamandla okunciphisa amandla (SO32-, S2O32- kanye ne-OCl-);izinto ezakha ama-molecule anemibala, ancibilika ku-chloroform nanoma iyiphi i-reagent;amanye ama-anion angaphili (i-chloride, i-bromide ne-nitrate) emanzini angcolile34,35.(3) Lapho kubalwa i-ammonia nitrogen, kufanele kucatshangelwe ama-amine anesisindo samangqamuzana aphansi, njengoba ukusabela kwawo nge-ammonia kuyafana, futhi umphumela uyoba mkhulu.Ukuphazamiseka kungase kwenzeke uma i-pH yengxube yokusabela ingaphansi kuka-12.6 ngemva kokuba zonke izixazululo ze-reagent zengezwe.Amasampula ane-acidic ephezulu kanye ne-buffered avame ukubangela lokhu.Ama-ion ensimbi akhuphuka njengama-hydroxides ekugxilweni okuphezulu nawo angaholela ekukhiqizeni okungalungile36,37.
Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi indlela yokuhlaziya ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kokunqunywa kanyekanye kwama-phenol aguquguqukayo, ama-cyanides, ama-anionic surfactants kanye ne-ammonia nitrogen emanzini okuphuza inomugqa omuhle, umkhawulo wokutholwa ophansi, ukunemba okuhle nokululama.Awukho umehluko obalulekile ngendlela esezingeni likazwelonke.Le ndlela ihlinzeka ngendlela esheshayo, ebucayi, enembile nesebenziseka kalula yokuhlaziya nokunqunywa kwenani elikhulu lamasampula amanzi.Ifaneleka ngokukhethekile ukuthola izingxenye ezine ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-22-2023