Insimbi engagqwali akunzima ukuyenza umshini, kodwa ukushisela insimbi engagqwali kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile emininingwaneni.Ayikushisi ukushisa njengensimbi epholile noma i-aluminium futhi ilahlekelwa okunye ukumelana nokugqwala uma kushisa kakhulu.Imikhuba emihle isiza ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo.Isithombe: Miller Electric
INGCACISO YOKUTHUTHUMELA KWEZINKONSI EZINGAGQINA 316L
I-STINLESS STAINLESS 316 /316L ITHUBING EKHOYILEYO
| Ibanga : | 6.35 Mm OD kuya ku-273 Mm OD |
| Ububanzi Bangaphandle : | 1/16” ukuya ku-3/4″ |
| Ubukhulu : | 010" ukuya ku-.083" |
| Amashejuli | 5, 10S, 10, 30, 40S, 40, 80, 80S, XS, 160, XXH |
| Ubude : | kufika kumamitha ayi-12 Ubude Bomlenze & Ubude Obungokwezifiso Obudingekayo |
| Imininingwane Engenamthungo : | I-ASTM A213 (udonga oluyisilinganiso) kanye ne-ASTM A269 |
| Imininingwane eshiselwe : | I-ASTM A249 kanye ne-ASTM A269 |
STAINLESS STEEL 316L COIL TUBING AMABANGA ALINGANAYO
| Ibanga | Inombolo ye-UNS | Old British | I-Euronorm | IsiSwidi SS | IsiJapane I-JIS | ||
| BS | En | No | Igama | ||||
| 316 | I-S31600 | 316S31 | 58H, 58J | 1.4401 | I-X5CrNiMo17-12-2 | 2347 | I-SUS 316 |
| 316L | I-S31603 | 316S11 | - | 1.4404 | I-X2CrNiMo17-12-2 | 2348 | I-SUS 316L |
| 316H | I-S31609 | 316S51 | - | - | - | - | - |
UKWAKHIWA KWEKHEMICAL YE-STAINLESS STEEL 316L COIL TUBING
| Ibanga | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni | N | |
| 316 | Okuncane | - | - | - | 0 | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| Ubukhulu | 0.08 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 | |
| 316L | Okuncane | - | - | - | - | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| Ubukhulu | 0.03 | 2.0 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | 0.10 | |
| 316H | Okuncane | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0 | - | - | 16.0 | 2.00 | 10.0 | - |
| ubuningi | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.75 | 0.045 | 0.03 | 18.0 | 3.00 | 14.0 | - |
IZIMPAHLA ZEMITHETHO YE-STAINLESS STEEL 316L COIL TUBING
| Ibanga | I-Tensile Str (MPa) imiz | Yield Str 0.2% Ubufakazi (MPa) imiz | Elong (% ku-50mm) iminithi | Ukuqina | |
| I-Rockwell B (HR B) ubuningi | I-Brinell (HB) ubuningi | ||||
| 316 | 515 | 205 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
| 316L | 485 | 170 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
| 316H | 515 | 205 | 40 | 95 | 217 |
IZIMPAWU ZOMZIMBA ZOKUTHENGA I-Stainless Steel 316L COIL TUBING
| Ibanga | Ukuminyana (kg/m3) | I-Elastic Modulus (GPA) | I-Co-eff esho ukunwetshwa kwe-Thermal (µm/m/°C) | I-Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) | Ukushisa Okuthize 0-100°C (J/kg.K) | I-Elec Resistivity (nΩ.m) | |||
| 0-100°C | 0-315°C | 0-538°C | Ku-100°C | Ku-500°C | |||||
| 316/L/H | 8000 | 193 | 15.9 | 16.2 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 21.5 | 500 | |
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kwenza kube ukukhetha okukhangayo ezinhlelweni eziningi ezibalulekile zamapayipi, okuhlanganisa ukudla okuhlanzekile okuphezulu nesiphuzo, imithi, imikhumbi yokucindezela kanye namakhemikhali e-petrochemicals.Kodwa-ke, le nto ayikuqedi ukushisa njengensimbi ethambile noma i-aluminium, futhi amasu okushisela angafanele anganciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala.Ukusebenzisa ukushisa okukhulu nokusebenzisa i-filler metal engalungile yizigebengu ezimbili.
Ukunamathela kwezinye zezinqubo zokushisela zensimbi engagqwali kungasiza ukuthuthukisa imiphumela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kuyagcinwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zokushisela kungakhuphula umkhiqizo ngaphandle kokudela ikhwalithi.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali, ukukhetha kwensimbi yokugcwalisa kubalulekile ekulawuleni okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.Insimbi yokugcwalisa esetshenziselwa ukushisela ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali kufanele ithuthukise ukusebenza kwe-welding futhi ihlangabezane nezidingo zokusebenza.
Bheka izinsimbi zokugcwalisa igama elithi “L” njenge-ER308L njengoba zihlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphezulu okuphansi okusiza ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kuma-alloys ensimbi engagqwali ephansi ye-carbon.Ukushisela izinto zekhabhoni ephansi ngezinsimbi ezijwayelekile zokugcwalisa kukhulisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ye-weld futhi ngaleyo ndlela kukhulisa ubungozi bokugqwala.Gwema izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezithi “H” njengoba zinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu futhi zihloselwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali, kubalulekile futhi ukukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa ephansi ngezakhi zokulandelela (eyaziwa nangokuthi imfucumfucu).Lezi yizinsalela ezivela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinsimbi zokugcwalisa futhi zihlanganisa i-antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus nesibabule.Zingathinta kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali izwela kakhulu ekufakweni kokushisa, ukulungiselela ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokuhlanganisa okufanele kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukushisa ukuze kugcinwe izinto ezibonakalayo.Izikhala phakathi kwezingxenye noma ukulingana okungalingani kudinga ukuthi ithoshi lihlale endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside, futhi insimbi yokugcwalisa eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kugcwaliswe lezo zikhala.Lokhu kubangela ukushisa endaweni ethintekile, okubangela ukuthi ingxenye ishise kakhulu.Ukufakwa okungalungile nakho kungenza kube nzima ukuvala izikhala futhi kuzuzwe ukungena okudingekayo kwe-weld.Senze isiqiniseko sokuthi izingxenye zisondela eduze kwensimbi engagqwali ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuhlanzeka kwalokhu kwaziswa nakho kubaluleke kakhulu.Ngisho nenani elincane kakhulu lokungcola noma ukungcola ku-weld kungaholela ezenzweni ezinciphisa amandla nokumelana nokugqwala komkhiqizo wokugcina.Ukuze uhlanze isisekelo sensimbi ngaphambi kokushisela, sebenzisa ibhulashi elikhethekile lensimbi engagqwali elingakasetshenziselwa i-carbon steel noma i-aluminium.
Ezinsimbi ezingenasici, ukuzwela kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala.Lokhu kwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lokushisela nezinga lokupholisa lishintshashintsha kakhulu, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo esincane sempahla.
Le weld yangaphandle epayipini lensimbi engagqwali yayishiselwe nge-GMAW kanye ne-controlled metal spray (RMD) futhi i-root weld ayizange ibuyele emuva futhi yayifana ngokubukeka nekhwalithi ye-GTAW backflush welding.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali i-chromium oxide.Kodwa uma okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ku-weld kuphezulu kakhulu, ama-chromium carbides ayakhiwa.Babopha i-chromium futhi bavimbele ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide edingekayo, eyenza insimbi engagqwali imelane nokugqwala.Ngaphandle kwe-chromium oxide eyanele, okokusebenza ngeke kube nezakhiwo ezifiselekayo kanye nokugqwala kuzokwenzeka.
Ukuvimbela ukuzwela kwehlela ekukhethweni kwensimbi yokugcwalisa kanye nokulawula okokufaka ukushisa.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi lapho welding insimbi engagqwali.Nokho, ikhabhoni ngezinye izikhathi iyadingeka ukunikeza amandla kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.Ukulawula ukushisa kubaluleke kakhulu uma izinsimbi eziphansi ze-carbon filler zingafanelekile.
Nciphisa isikhathi lapho i-weld ne-HAZ zisemazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ngokuvamile angu-950 kuya ku-1500 degrees Fahrenheit (500 kuya ku-800 degrees Celsius).Isikhathi esincane osichitha u-soldering kulolu hlu, uzokhiqiza ukushisa okuncane.Ngaso sonke isikhathi hlola futhi ubheke izinga lokushisa le-interpass kunqubo yokushisela esetshenziswayo.
Enye inketho ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezinezingxenye ze-alloying ezifana ne-titanium ne-niobium ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbides.Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zingxenye nazo zithinta amandla nokuqina, lezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa azikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukushisela i-root pass kusetshenziswa i-gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) kuyindlela evamile yokushisela amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali.Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga i-argon backflush ukuvimbela i-oxidation ngaphansi kwe-weld.Kodwa-ke, kumashubhu namapayipi ensimbi engagqwali, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokushisela izintambo kuya ngokuya kuvame kakhulu.Kulezi zimo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amagesi ahlukene okuvikela athinta kanjani ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
I-gas arc welding (GMAW) yensimbi engagqwali ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-argon ne-carbon dioxide, ingxube ye-argon nomoya-mpilo, noma ingxube yegesi emithathu (i-helium, i-argon ne-carbon dioxide).Ngokuvamile, lezi zingxube ziqukethe ngokuyinhloko i-argon noma i-helium ene-carbon dioxide engaphansi kuka-5%, njengoba i-carbon dioxide ingangenisa i-carbon kubhavu oncibilikisiwe futhi yandise ingozi yokuzwela.I-argon ehlanzekile ayinconywa ngensimbi engagqwali ye-GMAW.
Intambo enezintambo zensimbi engagqwali iklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa nengxube yendabuko engu-75% ye-argon no-25% we-carbon dioxide.Ama-fluxes aqukethe izithako eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwe-weld yikhabhoni kusuka kugesi evikelayo.
Njengoba izinqubo ze-GMAW zithuthuka, zenze kwaba lula ukushisela amashubhu namapayipi ensimbi engagqwali.Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingase zisadinga inqubo ye-GTAW, ukucutshungulwa kwezintambo okuthuthukisiwe kunganikeza ikhwalithi efanayo kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu ezinhlelweni eziningi zensimbi engagqwali.
Izinsimbi zensimbi ezingenasici ze-ID ezenziwe nge-GMAW RMD ziyefana ngekhwalithi nokubukeka kokushisela okuhambisanayo kwe-OD.
Ukudlula kwe-Root kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-GMAW yesekethe emfushane eguquliwe efana ne-Miller's controlled metal deposition (RMD) eqeda ukubuyisela emuva kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-austenitic stainless steel.Ukudlula kwempande ye-RMD kungalandelwa i-pulsed GMAW noma i-arc welding ene-flux-cored kanye ne-seal pass, inketho egcina isikhathi nemali uma iqhathaniswa ne-backflush GTAW, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi amakhulu.
I-RMD isebenzisa ukudluliselwa kwensimbi yesekethe emfushane elawulwa ngokunembile ukuze idale i-arc ethule, ezinzile kanye nephuli yokushisela.Lokhu kunciphisa amathuba okugoqa okubandayo noma ukungaxubani, kunciphisa isiphalaphala futhi kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezimpande zamapayipi.Ukudluliswa kwensimbi okulawulwa ngokunembile futhi kuqinisekisa ukufakwa kwamaconsi afanayo kanye nokulawula okulula kwechibi lokushisela, ngaleyo ndlela kulawula okokufaka ukushisa kanye nesivinini sokushisela.
Izinqubo okungezona ezendabuko zingathuthukisa ukukhiqiza kokushisela.Ijubane lokushisela lingahluka kusuka ku-6 kuye ku-12 ipm uma usebenzisa i-RMD.Ngenxa yokuthi le nqubo ithuthukisa ukusebenza ngaphandle kokufaka ukushisa engxenyeni, isiza ukugcina izakhiwo nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali.Ukunciphisa okokufaka okushisa kwenqubo nakho kusiza ukulawula ukuwohloka kwe-substrate.
Le nqubo ye-GMAW ye-pulsed inikezela ngobude be-arc obufushane, ama-arc cones amancane, kanye nokokufaka okushisa okuncane kunejethi ye-pulsed evamile.Njengoba inqubo ivaliwe, i-arc drift kanye nokuguquguquka kwebanga ukusuka ekugcineni ukuya endaweni yokusebenza akufakiwe.Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukulawula i-weld pool lapho ushisela esizeni nalapho ushisela ngaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza.Ekugcineni, inhlanganisela ye-pulsed GMAW yokugcwalisa kanye nekhava idlula nge-RMD yempande yokudlula ivumela izinqubo zokushisela ukuba zenziwe ngocingo olulodwa negesi eyodwa, kuncishiswe izikhathi zokushintsha inqubo.
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Ingxenye yesibili yengxoxo yethu noChristian Sosa, umnikazi weSosa Metalworks eLas Vegas, ikhuluma...
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-06-2023