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I-ASTM A240 304 316 I-Stainless Steel Medium Thick Plate Ingasikwa Futhi Yenziwe Ngokwezifiso Intengo Yefektri Yase-China
Ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Uhlobo:Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Ubuchwepheshe: Okubandayo Kugoqe futhi Kushiswe
Izitifiketi: ISO9001, CE, SGS njalo ngonyaka
Isevisi: Ukuhlola komuntu wesithathu
Ukulethwa: phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-10-15 noma kucatshangelwa inani
Insimbi engagqwali ingxubevange yensimbi enokuqukethwe okuncane kwe-Chromium okungamaphesenti angu-10.5.Okuqukethwe kwe-Chromium kukhiqiza ifilimu elincanyana le-chromium oxide endaweni yensimbi ebizwa ngokuthi i-passivation layer.Lolu ungqimba luvimbela ukugqwala ukuthi kwenzeke endaweni yensimbi;uma sikhulu inani le-Chromium ensimbi, kukhulu ukumelana nokugqwala.
Insimbi futhi iqukethe amanani ahlukahlukene ezinye izakhi ezifana Carbon, Silicon kanye Manganese.Ezinye izakhi zingangezwa ukukhulisa ukumelana nokugqwala (Nickel) kanye nokwakheka (Molybdenum).
| Ukunikezwa kwezinto: | ||||||||||||
| I-ASTM/ASME | EN Ibanga | Ingxenye Yekhemikhali % | ||||||||||
| C | Cr | Ni | Mn | P | S | Mo | Si | Cu | N | Okunye | ||
| 201 |
| ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 3.50-5.50 | 5.50-7.50 | ≤0.060 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | ≤0.25 | - |
| 301 | 1.4310 | ≤0.15 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.00-8.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 304 | 1.4301 | ≤0.08 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304L | 1.4307 | ≤0.030 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 304H | 1.4948 | 0.04~0.10 | 18.00-20.00 | 8.00-10.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309S | 1.4828 | ≤0.08 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 309H |
| 0.04~0.10 | 22.00-24.00 | 12.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 310S | 1.4842 | ≤0.08 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 310H | 1.4821 | 0.04~0.10 | 24.00-26.00 | 19.00-22.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.5 | - | - | - |
| 316 | 1.4401 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316L | 1.4404 | ≤0.030 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | - |
| 316H |
| 0.04~0.10 | 16.00-18.00 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.10-0.22 | - |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | ≤0.08 | 16.00-18.50 | 10.00-14.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 2.00-3.00 | ≤0.75 | - | - | I-Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 317L | 1.4438 | ≤0.03 | 18.00-20.00 | 11.00-15.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | 3.00-4.00 | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | - |
| 321 | 1.4541 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | I-Ti5(C+N)~0.7 |
| 321H | 1.494 | 0.04~0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-12.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | 0.1 | I-Ti4(C+N)~0.7 |
| 347 | 1.4550 | ≤0.08 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥10*C%-1.0 |
| 347H | 1.4942 | 0.04~0.10 | 17.00-19.00 | 9.00-13.00 | ≤2.00 | ≤0.045 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤0.75 | - | - | Nb≥8*C%-1.0 |
| 409 | S40900 | ≤0.03 | 10.50-11.70 | 0.5 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.020 | - | ≤1.00 | - | 0.03 | I-Ti6(C+N)-0.5 Nb0.17 |
| 410 | 1Kr13 | 0.08~0.15 | 11.50-13.50 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 420 | 2Kr13 | ≥0.15 | 12.00-14.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 430 | S43000 | ≤0.12 | 16.00-18.00 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 431 | 1Cr17Ni2 | ≤0.2 | 15.00-17.00 | 1.25-2.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 440C | 11Kr17 | 0.95-1.20 | 16.00-18.00 | - | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | 0.75 | ≤1.00 | - | - | - |
| 17-4PH | 630/1.4542 | ≤0.07 | 15.50-17.50 | 3.00-5.00 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | 3.00-5.00 | - | Nb+Ta:0.15-0.45 |
| 17-7PH | 631 | ≤0.09 | 16.00-18.00 | 6.50-7.50 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.040 | ≤0.030 | - | ≤1.00 | - | - | Al 0.75-1.50 |
| ukunikezwa kosayizi: | ||||||
| 3 | 3*1000*2000 | 3*1219*2438 | 3*1500*3000 | 3*1500*6000 | ||
| 4 | 4*1000*2000 | 4*1219*2438 | 4*1500*3000 | 4*1500*6000 | ||
| 5 | 5*1000*2000 | 5*1219*2438 | 5*1500*3000 | 5*1500*6000 | ||
| 6 | 6*1000*2000 | 6*1219*2438 | 6*1500*3000 | 6*1500*6000 | ||
| 7 | 7*1000*2000 | 7*1219*2438 | 7*1500*3000 | 7*1500*6000 | ||
| 8 | 8*1000*2000 | 8*1219*2438 | 8*1500*3000 | 8*1500*6000 | ||
| 9 | 9*1000*2000 | 9*1219*2438 | 9*1500*3000 | 9*1500*6000 | ||
| 10.0 | 10*1000*2000 | 10*1219*2438 | 10*1500*3000 | 10*1500*6000 | ||
| 12.0 | 12*1000*2000 | 12*1219*2438 | 12*1500*3000 | 12*1500*6000 | ||
| 14.0 | 14*1000*2000 | 14*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 16.0 | 16*1000*2000 | 16*1219*2438 | 14*1500*3000 | 14*1500*6000 | ||
| 18.0 | 18*1000*2000 | 18*1219*2438 | 18*1500*3000 | 18*1500*6000 | ||
| 20 | 20*1000*2000 | 20*1219*2438 | 20*1500*3000 | 20*1500*6000 |
Ukuziphatha kwe-high carbon martensitic stainless steel (HCMSS) ehlanganisa cishe ama-22.5 vol.I-% carbides enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium (Cr) ne-vanadium (V), yalungiswa nge-electron beam melting (EBM).I-microstructure yenziwe ngezigaba ze-martensite kanye ne-austenite esele, i-submicron high V kanye ne-micron high Cr carbides isakazwa ngokulinganayo, futhi ukuqina kuphakeme kakhulu.I-CoF yehla cishe ngo-14.1% ngokukhula komthwalo wesimo ozinzile ngenxa yokudluliswa kwempahla isuka kuthrekhi egugile iye kumzimba ophikisayo.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi zamathuluzi e-martensitic eziphathwa ngendlela efanayo, izinga lokugqoka le-HCMSS licishe lifane emithwalweni ephansi esetshenziswayo.Indlela yokugqokwa evelele ukususwa kwe-matrix yensimbi ngokuhuzuka okulandelwa yi-oxidation yethrekhi egugile, kuyilapho ukuguga kwezingxenye ezintathu kwenzeka ngomthwalo owandayo.Izindawo zokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngaphansi kwesibazi sokuguga ezikhonjwe imephu ye-cross-sectional hardness map.Izimo ezithile ezenzeka njengoba izimo zokugqoka zanda zichazwa njengokuqhekeka kwe-carbide, tearout ephezulu ye-vanadium carbide, kanye ne-die cracking.Lolu cwaningo lusikhanyisela ngezimpawu zokugqokwa kokwenziwa kwe-HCMSS, okungavula indlela yokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ze-EBM zokugqoka ezisetshenziswayo ezisukela emigodini kuye ekubunjweni komjovo wepulasitiki.
Insimbi engagqwali (SS) iwumndeni oguquguqukayo wezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ku-aerospace, izimoto, ukudla nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ezifanele zemishini1,2,3.Ukumelana kwabo nokugqwala okuphezulu kungenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium (ngaphezulu kuka-11.5 wt. %) ku-HC, okunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwefilimu ye-oxide enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium ebusweni1.Kodwa-ke, amamaki amaningi ensimbi engagqwali anokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi futhi ngenxa yalokho anokuqina okulinganiselwe nokumelana nokuguga, okuholela ekuncipheni kwempilo yesevisi kumadivayisi ahlobene nokugqokwa njengezingxenye zokuhlalisa ze-aerospace4.Imvamisa anobunzima obuphansi (kububanzi obuyi-180 kuye ku-450 HV), ezinye izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-martensitic eziphathwa ngokushisisa ezinokuqina okuphezulu (kufika ku-700 HV) kanye nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu (kufika ku-1.2 wt%), okungaba nomthelela ukwakhiwa kwe-martensite.1. Ngamafuphi, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kwehlisa izinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwe-martensitic, okuvumela ukwakheka kwe-martensitic microstructure ngokugcwele kanye nokutholwa kwe-microstructure engagugi ngamazinga aphezulu okupholisa.Izigaba ezinzima (isb., ama-carbides) zingangezwa ku-matrix yensimbi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokuguga kwe-dies.
Ukwethulwa kokukhiqiza okungeziwe (AM) kungakhiqiza izinto ezintsha ezinokwakheka okufunayo, izici ze-microstructural, kanye nezakhiwo eziphakeme zemishini5,6.Isibonelo, ukuncibilika kombhede oyimpuphu (PBF), okungenye yezinqubo zokushisela ezithengiswayo kakhulu, kuhilela ukubekwa kwezimpushana ezifakwe ngaphambili ukuze zakhe izingxenye ezimise okuseduze ngokuncibilikisa izimpushana kusetshenziswa imithombo yokushisa efana namalaser noma imishayo ye-electron7.Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali ezenziwe ngokungeziwe zingasebenza kahle ngokwedlulele izingxenye ezenziwe ngokwesiko.Isibonelo, izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezingaphansi kokucutshungulwa okungeziwe ziboniswe zinezakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esincane (okungukuthi, ubudlelwane be-Hall-Petch)3,8,9.Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwensimbi engagqwali ye-Ferritic ephathwa nge-AM kukhiqiza izimvula ezengeziwe ezihlinzeka ngezakhiwo zemishini ezifana nozakwabo abavamile3,10.Insimbi engagqwali enezigaba ezimbili ezamukelwe enamandla amakhulu nobulukhuni, icutshungulwe ngokucutshungulwa okungeziwe, lapho izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini zibangelwa izigaba ze-intermetallic ezicebile nge-chromium ku-microstructure11.Ukwengeza, izakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini ye-additive hardened martensitic kanye ne-PH stainless steels zingatholwa ngokulawula i-austenite egciniwe ku-microstructure nokuthuthukisa imishini yokwelapha nokushisa imingcele 3,12,13,14.
Kuze kube manje, izakhiwo ze-tribological ze-AM austenitic stainless steels zithole ukunakwa kakhulu kunezinye izinsimbi ezingenasici.Ukuziphatha kwe-tribological yokuncibilika kwe-laser ongqimbeni lwempushana (L-PBF) ephathwe nge-316L kwafundwa njengomsebenzi wemingcele yokucubungula ye-AM.Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukunciphisa i-porosity ngokunciphisa isivinini sokuskena noma ukwandisa amandla e-laser kungathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqoka15,16.U-Li et al.17 uhlole ukugqokwa kokuslayida okomile ngaphansi kwemingcele ehlukahlukene (umthwalo, imvamisa kanye nezinga lokushisa) futhi wabonisa ukuthi ukugqoka kwezinga lokushisa legumbi kuyindlela eyinhloko yokugqoka, kuyilapho ukwandisa isivinini sokuslayida kanye nezinga lokushisa likhuthaza i-oxidation.Isendlalelo se-oxide esiwumphumela siqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-bearing, ukungqubuzana kuncipha ngezinga lokushisa elikhulayo, futhi izinga lokugqoka liyakhuphuka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.Kwezinye izifundo, ukungezwa kwezinhlayiya ze-TiC18, TiB219, kanye ne-SiC20 ku-matrix ye-L-PBF ephathwayo engu-316L kuthuthukisa ukumelana nokugqoka ngokwenza ungqimba oluminyene oluqinile lokungqubuzana nokwanda kwengxenye yevolumu yezinhlayiya ezinzima.Isendlalelo se-oxide esivikelayo siphinde sabonwa ku-L-PBF12 ephathwayo ye-PH steel kanye ne-SS11 duplex steel, okubonisa ukuthi ukukhawulela i-austenite egciniwe ngokwelashwa kwangemuva kokushisa12 kungathuthukisa ukumelana nokugqoka.Njengoba kufingqiwe lapha, izincwadi zigxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-tribological kochungechunge lwe-316L SS, kuyilapho kunedatha encane ekusebenzeni kwe-tribological yochungechunge lwezinsimbi ezingenasici ezenziwe nge-martensitic ezinokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kakhulu.
I-Electron Beam Melting (EBM) iyindlela efana ne-L-PBF ekwazi ukwenza ama-microstructures ane-refractory carbides njenge-vanadium ephezulu ne-chromium carbides ngenxa yekhono layo lokufinyelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokuskena amazinga angu-21, 22. Izincwadi ezikhona mayelana nokucubungula kwe-EBM ye-stainless stainless insimbi igxile kakhulu ekunqumeni imingcele yokucubungula ye-ELM efanelekile ukuze kutholwe i-microstructure ngaphandle kwemifantu nezimbotshana futhi kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zemishini23, 24, 25, 26, ngenkathi kusetshenzwa ezindaweni ze-tribological ye-EBM ephathwa ngensimbi engagqwali.Kuze kube manje, indlela yokugqokwa kwensimbi engagqwali enekhabhoni ephezulu ye-martensitic ephathwa nge-ELR iye yafundwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganiselwe, futhi ukuwohloka okukhulu kwepulasitiki kubikwe ukuthi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo zokugwaza (ukuhlolwa kwe-sandpaper), ezomile, nezimo zokuguguleka kodaka27.
Lolu cwaningo luphenye ukumelana nokugqokwa kanye nezakhiwo zokungqubuzana zensimbi engagqwali ye-carbon martensitic ephezulu ephathwa nge-ELR ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile zokuslayida ezichazwe ngezansi.Okokuqala, izici ze-microstructural zabonakala kusetshenziswa i-scanning electron microscopy (SEM), i-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), i-X-ray diffraction kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesithombe.Idatha etholwe ngalezi zindlela bese isetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokubhekwa kokuziphatha kwe-tribological ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo ezomile eziphindaphindayo ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlukahlukene, futhi ekugcineni i-morphology egugile ihlolwe kusetshenziswa i-SEM-EDX kanye nama-laser profilometers.Izinga lokuguga lalinganiswa futhi laqhathaniswa nezinsimbi zamathuluzi e-martensitic eziphathwa ngendlela efanayo.Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze kwakhiwe isisekelo sokuqhathanisa lolu hlelo lwe-SS nezinhlelo zokugqoka ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinohlobo olufanayo lokwelashwa.Okokugcina, imephu ye-cross-sectional yendlela yokuguga iboniswa kusetshenziswa i-algorithm yemephu yokuqina eveza ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuxhumana.Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-tribological kwalolu cwaningo kwenziwa ukuze kuqondwe kangcono izici ze-tribological zalolu lwazi olusha, hhayi ukulingisa isicelo esithile.Lolu cwaningo lusiza ekuqondeni kangcono izici ze-tribological zensimbi entsha ye-martensitic ekhiqizwa ngokungeziwe ukuze igqoke izicelo ezidinga ukusebenza ezindaweni ezinokhahlo.
Amasampula ensimbi engagqwali ye-carbon martensitic (HCMSS) ephezulu ephathwa nge-ELR ngaphansi kwegama lomkhiqizo i-Vibenite® 350 athuthukiswa futhi ahlinzekwa yi-VBN Components AB, Sweden.Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okusesilinganisweni kwesampula: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Okokuqala, izibonelo zokushelela ezomile (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) zenziwe ngezibonelo ezitholwe eziwunxande (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) ngaphandle kokwelashwa kwangemva kokushisa kusetshenziswa imishini yokukhipha ugesi (EDM).Khona-ke amasampula agaywa ngokulandelana nge-sandpaper ye-SiC enosayizi wokusanhlamvu ka-240 kuya ku-2400 R ukuze kutholwe ubulukhuni obungaphezulu (Ra) obungaba ngu-0.15 μm.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasampula ensimbi yensimbi ye-high-carbon martensitic (HCMTS) ephekwe nge-EBM enekhemikhali ye-1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Vibenite® 150) Iphinde ilungiswe ngendlela efanayo.I-HCMTS iqukethe ama-carbides angu-8% ngevolumu futhi isetshenziselwa kuphela ukuqhathanisa idatha yezinga lokugqoka le-HCMSS.
I-Microstructural characterization ye-HCMSS yenziwa kusetshenziswa i-SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) efakwe umtshina we-X-ray ohlukanisa amandla (EDX) XMax80 kusukela ku-Oxford Instruments.Ama-photomicrographs amathathu angahleliwe aqukethe i-3500 µm2 athathwe ngemodi ye-electron ehlakazekile (BSE) abese ehlaziywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya isithombe (ImageJ®)28 ukuze kutholwe ingxenyenamba yendawo (okungukuthi ingxenye yevolumu), usayizi nomumo.Ngenxa yokwakheka kwesici esiphawuliwe, ingxenye yendawo yathathwa ilingana nengxenye yevolumu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-shape factor ye-carbides ibalwa kusetshenziswa i-shape factor equation (Shfa):
Lapha i-Ai indawo ye-carbide (µm2) futhi i-Pi iyi-perimeter ye-carbide (µm)29.Ukuhlonza izigaba, i-powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) yenziwa kusetshenziswa i-X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover nge-LynxEye 1D strip detector) ene-Co-Kα radiation (λ = 1.79026 Å).Skena isampula ebangeni elingu-2θ ukusuka ku-35° ukuya ku-130° ngosayizi wesinyathelo esingu-0.02° kanye nesikhathi sesinyathelo samasekhondi angu-2.Idatha ye-XRD yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Diffract.EVA, eyabuyekeza imininingo egciniwe ye-crystallographic ngo-2021. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhloli wokuqina we-Vickers (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) wasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe ubulukhuni obuncane.Ngokwezinga le-ASTM E384-17 30, amaphrinti angama-30 enziwe kumasampula alungiselelwe i-metallographically ngo-0.35 mm increments ngamasekhondi ayi-10 ngo-5 kgf.Ababhali bake baveza izici ze-microstructural ze-HCMTS31 ngaphambilini.
I-ball plate tribometer (i-Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, e-USA) yasetshenziswa ukwenza ukuhlola okomile okuhambisanayo kokugqokwa, ukumiswa kwayo okunemininingwane kwenye indawo31.Imingcele yokuhlola imi kanje: ngokuya nge-standard 32 ASTM G133-05, umthwalo 3 N, imvamisa 1 Hz, unhlangothi 3 mm, ubude behora elingu-1.Amabhola e-aluminium oxide (Al2O3, isigaba sokunemba esingu-28/ISO 3290) anobubanzi obungu-10 mm anobunzima obukhulu obucishe bube ngu-1500 HV kanye nobulukhuni obuphezulu (Ra) obungaba ngu-0.05 µm, obuhlinzekwe yi-Redhill Precision, Czech Republic, busetshenziswe njengezisindo eziphikisayo. .Ukulinganisa kwakhethwa ukuze kuvinjelwe imiphumela ye-oxidation engenzeka ngenxa yokulinganisa kanye nokuqonda kangcono izindlela zokugqoka zezibonelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zokugqoka.Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi imingcele yokuhlola iyafana ne-Ref.8 ukuze kuqhathaniswe idatha yezinga lokugqoka nezifundo ezikhona.Ukwengeza, uchungechunge lwezivivinyo eziphindaphindayo ezinomthwalo we-10 N lwenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwe-tribological emithwalweni ephakeme, kuyilapho amanye amapharamitha wokuhlola ahlala engashintshi.Izingcindezi zokuqala zokuthintwa ngokusho kukaHertz zingu-7.7 MPa kanye no-11.5 MPa ku-3 N no-10 N, ngokulandelana.Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokugqokwa, amandla okungqubuzana arekhodwa ngemvamisa engu-45 Hz futhi isilinganiso se-coefficient of friction (CoF) sibaliwe.Ngomthwalo ngamunye, izilinganiso ezintathu zithathwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezizungezile.
I-wear trajectory yahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-SEM echazwe ngenhla, futhi ukuhlaziywa kwe-EMF kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-Aztec Acquisition wear surface analysis software.Ubuso obugugile bekhiyubhu elibhanqiwe buhlolwe kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu esibonakalayo (Keyence VHX-5000, Japan).Iphrofayili ye-laser engaxhunywanga (NanoFocus µScan, Germany) iskene umaki wokuguga ngokulungiswa okuqondile okungu-±0.1 µm ku-axis engu-z kanye no-5 µm kuma-eksisi angu-x kanye no-y.Imephu yephrofayela yendawo yesibazi esigqokile yakhiwe eMatlab® kusetshenziswa izixhumanisi ezingu-x, y, z ezitholwe ezilinganisweni zephrofayela.Amaphrofayli amaningana endlela yokugqoka eqondile akhishwe kumephu yephrofayela engaphezulu asetshenziselwa ukubala ukulahleka kwevolumu yokuguga endleleni yokuguga.Ukulahlekelwa kwevolumu kubalwe njengomkhiqizo wendawo emaphakathi yephrofayili yocingo kanye nobude bethrekhi yokuguga, futhi imininingwane eyengeziwe yale ndlela ichazwe ngaphambilini ngababhali33.Kusuka lapha, izinga elithile lokugqoka (k) litholakala kufomula elandelayo:
Lapha u-V ukwehla kwevolumu ngenxa yokuguga (mm3), u-W ungumthwalo osetshenzisiwe (N), u-L ibanga lokushelela (mm), futhi u-k yizinga elithile lokuguga (mm3/Nm)34.Idatha yefriction namamephu ephrofayili angaphezulu we-HCMTS afakiwe kokungeziwe (Supplementary Figure S1 kanye noFigure S2) ukuze kuqhathaniswe izilinganiso zokugqoka ze-HCMSS.
Kulolu cwaningo, imephu yobulukhuni besigaba esiphambanayo yendlela yokuguga yasetshenziswa ukuze kuboniswe ukuziphatha kokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki (okungukuthi ukuqina komsebenzi ngenxa yengcindezi yokuxhumana) yendawo yokuguga.Amasampula aphucuziwe asikwa ngesondo lokusika i-aluminium oxide emshinini wokusika (i-Struers Accutom-5, e-Austria) futhi apholishwa ngamamaki e-SiC sandpaper ukusuka ku-240 kuya ku-4000 P kanye nogqinsi lwamasampula.Isilinganiso sobunzima obuncane ku-0.5 kgf 10 s kanye nebanga elingu-0.1 mm ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM E348-17.Amaphrinti abekwe kugridi engunxande engu-1.26 × 0.3 mm2 cishe ku-60 µm ngaphansi kwendawo (Umfanekiso 1) kwase kunikezwa imephu yokuqina kusetshenziswa ikhodi yangokwezifiso yeMatlab® echazwe kwenye indawo35.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-microstructure yesigaba esiphambanweni sendawo yokugqoka yahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-SEM.
Isikimu sophawu lokuguga olubonisa indawo yesigaba esiphambene (a) kanye ne-optical micrograph yemephu yokuqina ebonisa umaki okhonjwe esigabeni esiphambene (b).
I-microstructure ye-HCMSS ephathwe nge-ELP iqukethe inethiwekhi ye-carbide ye-homogeneous ezungezwe i-matrix (Fig. 2a, b).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDX kubonise ukuthi ama-carbide ampunga namnyama ayeyi-chromium ne-vanadium rich carbides, ngokulandelana (Ithebula 1).Kubalwa kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwesithombe, ingxenye yevolumu yama-carbides ilinganiselwa ku-~22.5% (~18.2% high chromium carbides kanye ~4.3% high vanadium carbides).Isilinganiso sosayizi wokusanhlamvu abanokuchezuka okujwayelekile ngu-0.64 ± 0.2 µm kanye no-1.84 ± 0.4 µm we-V kanye ne-Cr rich carbides, ngokulandelanayo (Fig. 2c, d).Ama-carbide e-V aphezulu avame ukuba yindilinga anesici somumo (±SD) esingaba ngu-0.88±0.03 ngenxa yokuthi amanani wesici somumo asondele ku-1 ahambisana nama-carbides ayindilinga.Ngokuphambene, i-chromium carbides ephezulu ayindilinga ngokuphelele, enesici somumo esingaba ngu-0.56 ± 0.01, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa ye-agglomeration.I-Martensite (α, bcc) kanye ne-austenite egciniwe (γ', fcc) iziqongo ze-diffraction zitholwe kuphethini ye-HCMSS X-ray njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 2e.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphethini ye-X-ray ibonisa ukuba khona kwe-carbides yesibili.I-chromium carbides ephezulu ikhonjwe njenge-M3C2 kanye ne-M23C6 yohlobo lwe-carbides.Ngokusho kwedatha yezincwadi, iziqongo ze-36,37,38 ze-diffraction ze-VC carbides zirekhodwe ku-≈43 ° no-63 °, okuphakamisa ukuthi iziqongo ze-VC zifihlwe yi-M23C6 ye-carbides ecebile nge-chromium (Fig. 2e).
I-Microstructure ye-high-carbon martensitic steel stainless steel ephathwa nge-EBL (a) ekukhulisweni okuphansi kanye (b) nasekukhuliseni okuphezulu, ebonisa i-chromium ne-vanadium rich carbides kanye ne-matrix yensimbi engagqwali (imodi ye-electron backscattering).Amagrafu ebha abonisa ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wokusanhlamvu kwe-chromium-rich (c) kanye ne-vanadium-rich (d) carbides.Iphethini ye-X-ray ibonisa ukuba khona kwe-martensite, i-austenite egciniwe kanye ne-carbides ku-microstructure (d).
Isilinganiso sobulukhuni obuncane bungu-625.7 + 7.5 HV5, okubonisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engenasici ye-martensitic ecutshungulwayo evamile (450 HV)1 ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokushisa.Ubulukhuni be-nanoindentation be-V carbides ephezulu kanye ne-Cr carbides ephezulu kubikwa ukuthi buphakathi kuka-12 no-32.5 GPa39 kanye no-13–22 GPa40, ngokulandelana.Ngakho-ke, ukuqina okuphezulu kwe-HCMSS ephathwa nge-ELP kungenxa yokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu, okukhuthaza ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-carbide.Ngakho-ke, i-HSMSS yokwelashwa nge-ELP ikhombisa izici ezinhle ze-microstructural nobulukhuni ngaphandle kokwelashwa okwengeziwe kwangemuva kokushisa.
Amajika wesilinganiso se-coefficient of friction (CoF) wamasampuli ku-3 N kanye no-10 N ethulwa kuMfanekiso 3, ububanzi bamanani okungqubuzana obuncane noma aphezulu amakwe ngomthunzi okhanyayo.Ijika ngalinye libonisa isigaba sokugijima kanye nesigaba sokuzinza.Isigaba sokugijima siphela ku-1.2 m nge-CoF (±SD) engu-0.41 ± 0.24.3 N futhi ku-3.7 m nge-CoF engu-0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, ngaphambi kokungena esimweni sokuzinza lapho ukungqubuzana kuma.ayishintshi ngokushesha.Ngenxa yendawo encane yokuxhumana kanye nokuguquguquka kwepulasitiki kokuqala, amandla okungqubuzana akhuphuka ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokugijima ku-3 N no-10 N, lapho amandla okukhuhlana okuphezulu kanye nebanga elide lokushelela kwenzeka ku-10 N, okungenzeka ngenxa yalokho. eqinisweni lokuthi Uma kuqhathaniswa no-3 N, umonakalo ongaphezulu uphezulu.Ku-3 N no-10 N, amanani e-CoF esigabeni sokumisa angu-0.78 ± 0.05 kanye no-0.67 ± 0.01, ngokulandelanayo.I-CoF icishe izinze ku-10 N futhi ikhula kancane kancane ku-3 N. Ezincwadini ezilinganiselwe, i-CoF ye-L-PBF iphatha insimbi engagqwali uma iqhathaniswa nemizimba ye-ceramic yokusabela emithwalweni ephansi esetshenziswayo isuka ku-0.5 iye ku-0.728, 20, 42, engaphakathi. isivumelwano esihle namanani e-CoF akaliwe kulolu cwaningo.Ukwehla kwe-CoF ngomthwalo okhulayo esimweni esizinzile (cishe ngo-14.1%) kungase kubangelwe ukuwohloka komphezulu okwenzeka esixhunyweni esiphakathi nendawo egugile kanye nozakwabo, okuzophinde kuxoxwe ngakho esigabeni esilandelayo ngokuhlaziywa kwendawo engaphezulu. amasampula agugile.
Ama-friction coefficients wezibonelo ze-VSMSS eziphathwe nge-ELP ezindleleni ezislayidayo ku-3 N no-10 N, isigaba esimile simakwa ijika ngalinye.
Izilinganiso ezithile zokugqoka ze-HKMS (625.7 HV) zilinganiselwa ku-6.56 ± 0.33 × 10–6 mm3/Nm kanye no-9.66 ± 0.37 × 10–6 mm3/Nm ku-3 N no-10 N, ngokulandelana (Fig. 4).Ngakho, izinga lokugqoka liyakhuphuka ngomthwalo okhulayo, okuvumelana kahle nezifundo ezikhona ku-austenite ephathwa nge-L-PBF ne-PH SS17,43.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ze-tribological, izinga lokugqoka ku-3 N licishe libe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu zensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ephathwa nge-L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 229 HV), njengasesikhathini sangaphambilini. .8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokugqoka le-HCMSS ku-3 N laliphansi kakhulu kunezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezivamile futhi, ikakhulukazi, ziphakeme kunama-isotropic acindezelwe kakhulu (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./Nm, 176 HV) kanye ne-cast (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3/Nm, 156 HV) eyenziwe ngomshini i-austenitic stainless steel, 8, ngokulandelana.Uma kuqhathaniswa nalezi zifundo ezincwadini, ukumelana nokugqokwa okuthuthukisiwe kwe-HCMSS kubangelwa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kanye nenethiwekhi ye-carbide eyakhiwe okuholela ebukhuni obuphakeme kunezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezenziwe ngomshini ojwayelekile owenziwe ngomshini.Ukuze kuqhutshekwe kufundwe izinga lokuguga lamasampula e-HCMSS, isampula yensimbi ephezulu ye-carbon martensitic (HCMTS) eyenziwe ngomshini (enokuqina kwe-790 HV) yahlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo (3 N kanye ne-10 N) ukuze iqhathaniswe;Impahla engeziwe i-HCMTS Surface Profile Map (Supplementary Figure S2).Izinga lokugqoka le-HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) licishe lifane nele-HCMTS ku-3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10–6 mm3/Nm), okubonisa ukumelana nokugqokwa okuhle kakhulu .Lezi zici ngokuyinhloko zibangelwa izici ezincane ze-HCMSS (okungukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-carbide ephezulu, ubukhulu, ukuma nokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiya ze-carbide ku-matrix, njengoba kuchazwe eSigabeni 3.1).Njengoba kubikwe ngaphambilini31,44, okuqukethwe kwe-carbide kuthinta ububanzi nokujula kwesibazi sokugqokwa kanye nendlela yokugqoka kwe-micro-abrasive.Kodwa-ke, okuqukethwe kwe-carbide akwanele ukuvikela ukufa ku-10 N, okuholela ekwenyukeni kokugqoka.Esigabeni esilandelayo, i-wear surface morphology kanye ne-topography isetshenziselwa ukuchaza izindlela zokuguga eziyisisekelo ezithinta izinga lokuguga le-HCMSS.Ku-10 N, izinga lokugqoka le-VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10–6 mm3/Nm) liphakeme kune-VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10–6 mm3/Nm).Ngokuphambene nalokho, lawa mazinga okugqoka asephezulu kakhulu: ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezifanayo, izinga lokuguga lezingubo ezisekelwe ku-chromium ne-stellite liphansi kunalelo le-HCMSS45,46.Ekugcineni, ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kwe-alumina (1500 HV), izinga lokugqoka kokukhwelana laliyinto engasho lutho futhi kwatholakala izimpawu zokudluliswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo ukusuka kusampula kuya kumabhola e-aluminium.
Ukugqokwa okukhethekile emshinini we-ELR we-high carbon martensitic stainless steel (HMCSS), i-ELR machining yensimbi ephezulu ye-carbon martensitic tool (HCMTS) ne-L-PBF, ukusakaza nokucindezela okuphezulu kwe-isotropic (HIP) kwe-austenitic stainless steel (316LSS) ekusebenzeni okuhlukahlukene. isivinini zilayishiwe.I-scatterplot ibonisa ukuchezuka okujwayelekile kwezilinganiso.Idatha ye-austenitic stainless steels ithathwa ku-8.
Nakuba izinto eziqinile ezifana ne-chromium ne-stellite zinganikeza ukumelana kangcono nokugqokwa kunezinhlelo zengxubevange ezenziwe ngomshini, ukuhlanganisa okungeziwe (1) kungenza ngcono i-microstructure, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezinokuminyana okuhlukahlukene.imisebenzi engxenyeni yokugcina;kanye (3) nokudalwa kwama-topology amasha angaphezulu njengama-bearings ashukumisayo ahlanganisiwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-AM inikeza ukuguquguquka komklamo wejometri.Lolu cwaningo luyinoveli ikakhulukazi futhi lubalulekile njengoba lubalulekile ukucacisa izici zokugqoka zalezi zingxube zensimbi ezisanda kwakhiwa nge-EBM, lapho izincwadi zamanje zilinganiselwe kakhulu.
I-morphology yendawo egugile kanye ne-morphology yamasampula agugile ku-3 N kukhonjiswe emkhiwaneni.5, lapho indlela yokuguga eyinhloko kuwukuhuzuka okulandelwa yi-oxidation.Okokuqala, i-substrate yensimbi ikhubazekile ngokwepulasitiki bese isuswa ukuze yenze imifantu engu-1 kuya ku-3 µm ukujula, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuphrofayili engaphezulu (Fig. 5a).Ngenxa yokushisa okungqubuzanayo okukhiqizwa ukushelela okuqhubekayo, into esusiwe ihlala kuyi-interface yesistimu ye-tribological, yakhe ungqimba lwe-tribological oluhlanganisa iziqhingi ezincane ze-iron oxide ezizungeze i-chromium ephezulu ne-vanadium carbides (Umfanekiso 5b kanye neThebula 2).), njengoba kwabikwa nangensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic ephathwa nge-L-PBF15,17.Emkhiwaneni.I-5c ibonisa i-oxidation enamandla eyenzeka phakathi nendawo yesibazi esigugile.Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwesendlalelo sokungqubuzana kusiza ukubhujiswa kongqimba lwe-friction (okungukuthi, ungqimba lwe-oxide) (Fig. 5f) noma ukususwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezibuthakathaka ngaphakathi kwe-microstructure, ngaleyo ndlela kusheshisa ukususwa kwezinto.Kuzo zombili izimo, ukucekelwa phansi kwesendlalelo sokungqubuzana kuholela ekwakhiweni kwemikhiqizo yokugqoka esibonakalayo, okungenzeka kube isizathu sokuthambekela kokwanda kwe-CoF esimweni esiqinile se-3N (Fig. 3).Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezibonakaliso zokugqoka izingxenye ezintathu ezibangelwa ama-oxides kanye nezinhlayiya zokugqoka okuxekethile emgqeni wokugqoka, okugcina kuholela ekwakhiweni kwama-micro-scratches ku-substrate (Fig. 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Iphrofayili engaphezulu (a) nama-photomicrographs (b–f) e-wear surface morphology yensimbi engenasici ye-high-carbon martensitic ephathwa nge-ELP ku-3 N, ingxenye enqamulayo yophawu lokugqokwa kumodi ye-BSE (d) kanye ne-optical microscopy yokugqokwa. ingaphezulu ku-3 N (g) ama-alumina sphere.
Ama-slip bands akhiwe ku-substrate yensimbi, ekhombisa ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngenxa yokugqoka (Fig. 5e).Imiphumela efanayo nayo yatholwa ocwaningweni lokuziphatha kokugqokwa kwe-SS47 austenitic steel ephathwe nge-L-PBF.Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwe-vanadium-rich-rich carbides futhi kubonisa ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ye-matrix yensimbi ngesikhathi sokuslayida (Fig. 5e).Ama-Micrographs wesigaba sesiphambano sophawu lokugqoka abonisa ukuba khona kwemigodi emincane eyindilinga ezungezwe ama-microcracks (Fig. 5d), okungenzeka kube ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngokweqile eduze kwendawo.Ukudluliswa kwempahla kuma-aluminium oxide sphere kwakunomkhawulo, kuyilapho ama-sphere ahlala eqinile (Fig. 5g).
Ububanzi nokujula kokuguga kwamasampula kukhuphuke ngomthwalo okhulayo (ku-10 N), njengoba kuboniswe kumephu ye-topography yendawo (Fig. 6a).Ukuhuzuka kanye ne-oxidation kuseyizindlela zokugqoka ezivelele, futhi ukwanda kwenani lama-micro-scratches emzileni wokuguga kubonisa ukuthi ukuguga okunezingxenye ezintathu kwenzeka futhi ku-10 N (Fig. 6b).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDX kubonise ukwakheka kweziqhingi ze-iron-rich oxide.Iziqongo ze-Al ku-spectra ziqinisekisile ukuthi ukudluliswa kwento kusuka kozakwabo kuya kusampula kwenzeke ku-10 N (Fig. 6c kanye neThebula 3), kuyilapho kungazange kubonwe ku-3 N (Ithebula 2).Ukugqokwa kwemizimba emithathu kubangelwa izinhlayiya ezigqokwayo ezivela eziqhingini ze-oxide nama-analogue, lapho ukuhlaziya okuningiliziwe kwe-EDX kwembule ukuthwala kwezinto ezivela kuma-analog (Supplementary Figure S3 kanye neThebula S1).Ukuthuthukiswa kweziqhingi ze-oxide kuhlotshaniswa nemigodi ejulile, ebuye ibonwe ku-3N (Fig. 5).Ukuqhekeka nokuhlukaniswa kwama-carbides ikakhulukazi kwenzeka kuma-carbides acebile ku-10 N Cr (Fig. 6e, f).Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-V carbides ephezulu iqhuma futhi igqoke i-matrix ezungezile, okubangela ukugqoka izingxenye ezintathu.Umgodi ofana nosayizi nokuma kwe-V carbide ephezulu (eqokonyiswe kuyindilinga ebomvu) nayo yavela esigabeni esiphambanayo sethrekhi (Fig. 6d) (bheka usayizi we-carbide nokuhlaziywa komumo. 3.1), okubonisa ukuthi i-V ephezulu i-carbide V ingaqubuka ku-matrix ku-10 N. Umumo oyindilinga we-V carbides ephezulu unomthelela emphumela wokudonsa, kuyilapho ama-Cr carbides aphezulu e-agglomerated ejwayele ukuqhekeka (Fig. 6e, f).Lokhu kuziphatha kokwehluleka kubonisa ukuthi i-matrix idlule ikhono layo lokumelana nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki nokuthi i-microstructure ayihlinzeki amandla anele omthelela ku-10 N. Ukuqhekeka okuqondile ngaphansi kwendawo (Fig. 6d) kubonisa ukushuba kokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuslayida.Njengoba umthwalo ukhula kukhona ukudluliswa kwezinto ezivela kumzila ogugile kuya kubhola le-alumina (Fig. 6g), okungaba yisimo esiqinile ku-10 N. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kwamanani e-CoF (Fig. 3).
Iphrofayili engaphezulu (a) nama-photomicrographs (b–f) wesimo sendawo esigugile (b–f) sensimbi engenasici ye-high-carbon martensitic ephathwa nge-EBA ngo-10 N, i-wear track cross-section kumodi ye-BSE (d) kanye nendawo ekhanyayo yesibonakhulu ye-alumina sphere ku-10 N (g).
Ngesikhathi sokugqoka kokuslayida, indawo engaphezulu ingaphansi kokucindezelwa okubangelwa yi-antibody kanye ne-shear, okuholela ekuguqukeni okuphawulekayo kwepulasitiki ngaphansi kwendawo egqokiwe34,48,49.Ngakho-ke, ukuqina komsebenzi kungenzeka ngaphansi komhlaba ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki, okuthinta izindlela zokugqoka kanye ne-deformation ezinquma ukuziphatha kokuguga kwento.Ngakho-ke, imephu ye-cross-sectional hardness (njengoba kuchaziwe eSigabeni 2.4) yenziwa kulolu cwaningo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki (PDZ) ngaphansi kwendlela yokuguga njengomsebenzi womthwalo.Njengoba, njengoba kushiwo ezigabeni ezedlule, izibonakaliso ezicacile zokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki zabonwa ngaphansi komkhondo wokugqoka (Fig. 5d, 6d), ikakhulukazi ku-10 N.
Emkhiwaneni.Umfanekiso wesi-7 ubonisa imidwebo yobulukhuni besigaba esiphambanayo yezimpawu zokugqoka ze-HCMSS eziphathwa nge-ELP ku-3 N kanye no-10 N. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lawa manani okuqina asetshenziswe njengenkomba ukuhlola umphumela wokuqina komsebenzi.Ukushintsha kokuqina ngaphansi kophawu lokugqoka kuvela ku-667 kuya ku-672 HV ku-3 N (Fig. 7a), okubonisa ukuthi ukuqina komsebenzi akunakwa.Ngokunokwenzeka, ngenxa yokucaca okuphansi kwemephu yobulukhuni obuncane (okungukuthi ibanga phakathi kwamamaki), indlela yokulinganisa ubulukhuni esetshenzisiwe ayikwazanga ukubona izinguquko ebulukhunini.Ngokuphambene nalokho, izindawo ze-PDZ ezinamavelu okuqina asuka ku-677 kuya ku-686 HV anobukhulu obungama-118 µm nobude obungu-488 µm abonwa ku-10 N (Fig. 7b), ohambisana nobubanzi bethrekhi yokuguga ( Umfanekiso 6a)).Idatha efanayo yokuhluka kosayizi we-PDZ ngomthwalo itholwe ocwaningweni lokugqokwa ku-SS47 ephathwe nge-L-PBF.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-austenite egciniwe kuthinta i-ductility yezinsimbi ezenziwe ngokungeziwe 3, 12, 50, futhi i-austenite egciniwe iguqulwa ibe i-martensite ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki (umphumela wepulasitiki wokuguqulwa kwesigaba), okuthuthukisa ukuqina komsebenzi wensimbi.insimbi 51. Njengoba isampula ye-VCMSS iqukethe i-austenite egciniwe ngokuhambisana nephethini ye-X-ray diffraction exoxwe ngayo ngaphambili (Fig. 2e), kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi i-austenite egcinwe ku-microstructure ingashintsha ibe yi-martensite ngesikhathi sokuxhumana, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ubulukhuni be-PDZ ( Umfanekiso 7b).Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-slip okwenzeka kumzila wokugqoka (I-Fig. 5e, i-6f) iphinde ibonise ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okubangelwa isiliphu sokususa ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka kwe-shear ekuthinteni kokushelela.Kodwa-ke, ukucindezeleka kwe-shear okwenziwe ku-3 N kwakunganele ukukhiqiza ukuminyana okuphezulu kwe-dislocation noma ukuguqulwa kwe-austenite egciniwe ku-martensite ebonwe ngendlela esetshenzisiwe, ngakho ukuqina komsebenzi kwabonwa kuphela ku-10 N (Fig. 7b).
Imidwebo yokuqina kwezingxenye ezihlukene zamathrekhi okuguga wensimbi engagqwali enekhabhoni ephezulu ye-martensitic engaphansi kwemishini yokukhipha ugesi ku-3 N (a) naku-10 N (b).
Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuguga kanye nezici ze-microstructural zensimbi entsha ye-carbon martensitic stainless steel ephathwa nge-ELR.Ukuhlolwa kokugqoka okomile kwenziwa ngokushelela ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlukahlukene, futhi amasampula agugile ahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-electron microscopy, i-laser profilometer kanye namamephu wokuqina wezingxenye eziphambanayo zamathrekhi okugqoka.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Microstructural kwembule ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwama-carbides anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium (~18.2% carbides) kanye ne-vanadium (~4.3% carbides) ku-matrix ye-martensite kanye ne-austenite egciniwe enobunzima obuncane obuphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa.Izindlela zokugqoka ezivelele ukuguga kanye ne-oxidation emithwalweni ephansi, kuyilapho ukugqokwa kwemizimba emithathu okubangelwa ukwelulelwa kwe-V carbides ephezulu kanye nama-oxides okusanhlamvu axekethile nakho kunomthelela ekugqokeni kwemithwalo ekhulayo.Izinga lokuguga lingcono kune-L-PBF kanye nezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezivamile ezenziwe ngomshini, futhi zifana nalezo zezinsimbi ze-EBM ezenziwe ngomshini ngemithwalo ephansi.Inani le-CoF liyehla ngomthwalo okhulayo ngenxa yokudluliswa kwempahla komunye umzimba.Kusetshenziswa indlela yokwenza imephu yobulukhuni besigaba esiphambanayo, indawo yokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ikhonjiswe ngaphansi kophawu lokugqokwa.Ukulungiswa okunokwenzeka okusanhlamvu kanye nokuguqulwa kwesigaba ku-matrix kungaphenywa ngokuqhubekayo kusetshenziswa i-electron backscatter diffraction ukuze kuqondwe kangcono imiphumela yokuqina komsebenzi.Ukulungiswa okuphansi kwemephu ye-microhardness akuvumeli ukubonwa kokuqina kwendawo yokugqoka emithwalweni ephansi esetshenzisiwe, ngakho-ke i-nanoindentation inganikeza izinguquko zokuqina kokulungiswa okuphezulu kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo.
Lolu cwaningo lwethula okokuqala ngqa ukuhlaziya okuphelele kokumelana nokugqokwa kanye nezakhiwo ezingqubuzanayo zensimbi entsha ye-carbon martensitic engagqwali ephathwa nge-ELR.Uma kucatshangelwa inkululeko yokuklanywa kwejiyomethri ye-AM kanye nethuba lokunciphisa izinyathelo zomshini nge-AM, lolu cwaningo lungavula indlela yokukhiqizwa kwalesi sici esisha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kumishini ehlobene nokugqokwa kusukela emigodini kuya ekubunjweni komjovo wepulasitiki ngeshaneli yokupholisa eyinkimbinkimbi.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-09-2023