Kukangaki kube nezinkinga zokukhiqiza lapho amakhoyili amasha noma ukuncibilika kufakwa ekukhiqizeni?Lezi zinkinga zingaba ukuphuka, ukuqhekeka, ama-burrs, ukungena kahle kwe-weld, indawo ephansi ye-electropolished, nezinye eziningi.Ukuhlolwa kokuqina, ukuhlolwa okuqinile, nezingxenye eziphambanayo ze-metallographic, nokubuyekezwa kwemibiko yokuhlolwa kwasefekthri kuyizinqubo ezivamile zokunquma umthombo wenkinga.Ngezinye izikhathi kutholakala umthombo wenkinga, kodwa ngokuvamile akukho okungavamile okutholakalayo.Kulezi zimo, inkinga isekubunjweni kwensimbi, ngisho noma ingxubevange ingaphakathi kwebanga lokubunjwa elicacisiwe lensimbi.

Incazelo ye-ASTM 316 2205 904l 2B BA HL 6K 8K isibuko sokuqeda ikhoyili yensimbi engagqwali:

Kulesi sihloko, sizokhawulela ingxoxo yethu kuma-austenitic stainless steels, nakuba amazwana amaningi asebenza nakwezinye izinhlobo.Izinto eziningi eziyinkinga azilawuleki futhi kufanele zicaciswe esimisweni sekhasimende noma i-oda lokuthenga.Ungacabangi ukuthi ingxubevange oyithengayo yenziwe kusukela ebangeni elimaphakathi lento ngayinye.Kusukela ngo-1988, izigayo zensimbi bezinohlelo olwaziwa ngokuthi “i-alloy chipping” olusebenzisa ubuncane bezakhi ze-alloying ukuze kuvinjwe ukufudumala okushisayo kanye nokuqhekeka okugoqekayo okubandayo.
I-Grade Design Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Austenitic ziklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ukumelana nokugqwala ezindaweni eziningi, ukumelana ne-hydrogen kanye ne-embrittlement ku-885ºF (475ºC), amandla amahle, i-ductility enhle nobulukhuni obuphansi.Insimbi engagqwali ngendlela yayo elula iyinsimbi ene-chromium okungenani engu-12%.Yilokhu okwenza insimbi engagqwali imelane nokugqwala futhi ivumela ifilimu yokwenziwa ukuba yakheke.Insimbi engagqwali ikhona ezifundeni ezintathu ze-metallurgical kuye ngokwakheka nokwelashwa kokushisa: i-ferritic, i-martensitic ne-austenitic.Lawa magama abhekisela esakhiweni sekristalu: i-ferrite iyi-cubic egxile emzimbeni, i-austenite iyi-cubic egxile ebusweni, futhi i-martensite iyisistimu ye-tetragonal esontekile, okungukuthi, isakhiwo se-cubic esisontekile sobuso siba sigxile emzimbeni.
Insimbi ehlanzekile inomumo we-cubic ogxile emzimbeni futhi ikhona ukusuka kuqanda ngokuphelele ukuya endaweni yayo yokuncibilika.Uma izakhi ezithile zengezwa, “izindandatho ze-gamma” noma i-austenite ziyakhiwa.Lezi zakhi ziyi-carbon, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-tungsten, i-molybdenum, i-silicon, i-vanadium ne-silicon.Phakathi kwalezi zakhi, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-chromium ne-carbon ziyakwazi ukwandisa iringi ye-gamma kude kakhulu.Inhlanganisela ye-nickel ne-chromium eyenza izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic zibhekane ne-cubic emaphakathi ukusuka ku-zero ngokuphelele ukuya endaweni encibilikayo.Yilendandatho ye-gamma ehlukanisa ama-alloys e-ferritic kulawo ma-martensitic.Okuqukethwe kwe-chromium yensimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic incane kakhulu, i-14-18%, futhi kufanele iqukathe i-carbon, ngoba kuphela uma kushiswa kulolu hlu kungakhiwa i-austenite ehlanzekile, ukuze i-martensite itholakale ngokucisha.Ama-alloys e-Ferritic anokuqukethwe okungaphansi kuka-14% noma ngaphezulu kuka-18%.Ukushintsha izakhi ze-alloying kungashintsha ububanzi.Indlela evame kakhulu ukugcina ama-carbohydrates ephansi.
Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezivame kakhulu ezisekelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-18-8, 18% Cr 8% Ni.Uma okuqukethwe kwe-nickel ensimbi kudlula u-8%, kuyi-austenitic, uma okuqukethwe kwe-nickel kuphansi, khona-ke kuyinsimbi eyi-duplex, okungukuthi, i-austenitic eneziqhingi ze-ferrite.Ku-5% nickel, isakhiwo sicishe sibe ngu-50% austenitic, 50% ferritic, ngaphansi kuka-3% siba yi-ferritic ngokugcwele.Ngakho-ke, i-nickel engu-8% iyisisekelo sezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic ezishibhile.
Lapho izakhi ze-alloying zengezwa ensimbi, zingathatha isikhundla ku-crystal eyinhloko.Lezi zaziwa njengama-alloys ashintshayo futhi ingxubevange ihlala iyisigaba esisodwa.Ezinye izakhi zincane ngokwanele ukuba zilingane phakathi kwama-athomu, abizwa ngokuthi ama-interstitial elements, futhi ingxubevange ihlala iyisigaba esisodwa.Ezinye izakhi zizohlangana zenze amakristalu azo ahlukile futhi zakhe izigaba ezithile.Kanti ezinye zisebenza njengokungcola kungxubevange, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-inclusions.