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Ukushicilelwa kuyatholakala kokuthi https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/genomics-beyond-health/genomics-beyond-health-full-report-accessible-webpage.
I-DNA iyisisekelo sakho konke ukuphila kwezinto eziphilayo futhi yatholwa okokuqala ngo-1869 ngusokhemisi waseSwitzerland uFriedrich Miescher.Ikhulu leminyaka lokutholwa okukhulayo kwaholela uJames Watson, uFrancis Crick, uRosalind Franklin, noMaurice Wilkins ngo-1953 ukuba bakhe imodeli edumile manje ye-"double helix", ehlanganisa amaketanga amabili ahlanganiswe.Ngokuqonda kokugcina kwesakhiwo se-DNA, kwathatha eminye iminyaka engu-50 ngaphambi kokuba i-genome yomuntu ephelele ihlelwe ngo-2003 yi-Human Genome Project.
Ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo zomuntu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeminyaka kuyinkathi yoshintsho ekuqondeni kwethu isayensi yezinto eziphilayo.Ekugcineni, singakwazi ukufunda ipulani yofuzo yemvelo.
Kusukela lapho, ubuchwepheshe esingabusebenzisa ukuze sifunde i-genome yomuntu buye bathuthuka ngokushesha.Kwathatha iminyaka eyi-13 ukulandelana kwe-genome yokuqala, okusho ukuthi izifundo eziningi zesayensi zazigxile kuphela ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-DNA.Lonke i-genome yomuntu manje ingalandelana ngosuku olulodwa.Intuthuko kulobu buchwepheshe bokulandelana ibangele izinguquko ezinkulu ekhonweni lethu lokuqonda i-genome yomuntu.Ucwaningo lwesayensi olukhulu luye lwathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ubudlelwano phakathi kwezingxenye ezithile ze-DNA (izakhi zofuzo) kanye nezinye izici nezici zethu.Nokho, ithonya lezakhi zofuzo ezicini ezihlukahlukene liyindida eyinkimbinkimbi: ngamunye wethu unezakhi zofuzo ezingaba ngu-20,000 ezisebenza kumanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi athinta izici zethu.
Kuze kube manje, ucwaningo lugxile kwezempilo nezifo, futhi kwezinye izimo senze inqubekelaphambili ebonakalayo.Yilapho i-genomics iba yithuluzi eliyisisekelo ekuqondeni kwethu impilo nokuqhubeka kwezifo.Ingqalasizinda ye-genomics ehamba phambili emhlabeni yase-UK iyibeka phambili emhlabeni mayelana nedatha ye-genomic nocwaningo.
Lokhu kube sobala kulo lonke ubhubhane lwe-COVID, i-UK ihola indlela ngokulandelana kwe-genome yegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2.I-Genomics ilungele ukuba insika emaphakathi yohlelo lwezempilo lwesikhathi esizayo lwase-UK.Kufanele inikeze ngokuqhubekayo ukutholakala kwezifo kusenesikhathi, ukuhlonzwa kwezifo zofuzo ezingavamile futhi isize ukuthungela kangcono ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kubantu.
Ososayensi baqonda kangcono ukuthi i-DNA yethu ihlotshaniswa kanjani nezinhlobonhlobo zezici kwezinye izindawo ngaphandle kwezempilo, njengokuqashwa, ezemidlalo kanye nemfundo.Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise ingqalasizinda ye-genomic eyenzelwe ucwaningo lwezempilo, lwashintsha ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezimpawu zobuntu zakhiwa futhi zathuthukiswa kanjani.Ngenkathi ulwazi lwethu lwe-genomic lwezimpawu ezingenampilo lukhula, lusasele kakhulu ezicini ezinempilo.
Amathuba nezinselele esizibona ku-genomics yezempilo, njengesidingo sokwelulekwa ngofuzo noma lapho ukuhlola kunikeza ulwazi olwanele ukuze kuthethelelwe ukusetshenziswa kwakho, kuvula iwindi lekusasa elingaba khona le-genomics engeyona eyezempilo.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa okwandisiwe kolwazi lwe-genomic emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo, inani elandayo labantu liyaqaphela ulwazi lwe-genomic ngokusebenzisa izinkampani ezizimele ezihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziqondile kubathengi.Ngenkokhelo, lezi zinkampani zinikeza abantu ithuba lokufunda ngokhokho babo futhi bathole ulwazi lwe-genomic mayelana nohlu lwezimpawu.
Ulwazi olukhulayo oluvela ocwaningweni lwamazwe ngamazwe lunikeze amandla ukuthuthukiswa okuphumelelayo kobuchwepheshe obusha, futhi ukunemba esingabikezela ngakho izici zomuntu ezivela ku-DNA kuyanda.Ngale kokuqonda, manje ngokobuchwepheshe kungenzeka ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo.
Nakuba i-genomics inamandla okuguqula izici eziningi zomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungafika nobungozi bokuziphatha, idatha kanye nezokuphepha.Emazingeni kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-genomics kulawulwa inombolo yezinkombandlela zokuzithandela kanye nemithetho ejwayelekile engaqondile ye-genomics, njengoMthetho Wokuvikelwa Kwedatha Okuvamile.Njengoba amandla e-genomics ekhula futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwanda, ohulumeni baya ngokuya bebhekana nokukhetha ukuthi le ndlela izoqhubeka nokuhlanganisa ngokuphephile i-genomics emphakathini.Ukusebenzisa amandla ahlukene e-UK kungqalasizinda kanye nocwaningo lwe-genomics kuzodinga umzamo ohlangene ovela kuhulumeni nezimboni.
Uma ubungase unqume ukuthi ingane yakho ingaphumelela yini kwezemidlalo noma ezifundweni, ubungakwenza?
Lena eminye yemibuzo okungenzeka sibhekane nayo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze njengoba isayensi ye-genomic isinikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-genome yomuntu kanye nendima eyidlalayo ekuthonyeni izici nokuziphatha kwethu.
Ulwazi olumayelana nofuzo lomuntu—ukulandelana kwalo okuyingqayizivele kwe-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)—seluyasetshenziswa kakade ukuze kuxilongwe okuthile kwezokwelapha nokwenza ukwelashwa kube okuthandwa nguwe.Kodwa futhi sesiqala ukuqonda ukuthi i-genome ithonya kanjani izici nokuziphatha kwabantu abangaphezu kwempilo.
Sekunobufakazi bokuthi i-genome ithonya izici ezingezona ezezempilo njengokuthatha ingozi, ukwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa nokusetshenziswa.Njengoba sifunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela izakhi zofuzo ezithonya ngayo izici, singabikezela kangcono ukuthi maningi kangakanani futhi ngezinga elingakanani umuntu azohlakulela lezo zici ngokusekelwe ekulandelaneni kofuzo.
Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo embalwa ebalulekile.Isetshenziswa kanjani lolu lwazi?Kusho ukuthini lokhu emphakathini wethu?Kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi izinqubomgomo zilungiswe emikhakheni eyahlukene?Ingabe sidinga imithethonqubo eyengeziwe?Sizobhekana kanjani nezindaba zokuziphatha eziphakanyisiwe, sibhekane nezingozi zokucwaswa kanye nezinsongo ezingaba khona kubumfihlo?
Nakuba ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingase zibe khona ze-genomics zingase zingenzeki esikhathini esifushane noma esimaphakathi, izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa ulwazi lwe-genomic ziyahlolwa namuhla.Lokhu kusho ukuthi manje yisikhathi sokubikezela ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwe-genomics.Kudingeka futhi sicabangele imiphumela engaba khona uma izinsiza ze-genomic zitholakala emphakathini ngaphambi kokuba isayensi ilunge ngempela.Lokhu kuzosivumela ukuthi sicabangele kahle amathuba nezingozi lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezintsha ze-genomics ezingase ziveze futhi sinqume ukuthi yini esingayenza ukuze siphendule.
Lo mbiko wethula i-genomics kwabangebona ochwepheshe, uhlola ukuthi isayensi ithuthuke kanjani, futhi uzama ukucabangela umthelela wayo emikhakheni eyahlukene.Umbiko ubheka lokho okungenzeka manje nalokho okungenzeka ngokuzayo, futhi uhlola lapho amandla e-genomics engase eqiwe khona.
I-Genomics akuyona nje indaba yenqubomgomo yezempilo.Lokhu kungase kuthinte imikhakha eminingi yenqubomgomo, kusukela kwezemfundo kanye nobulungiswa bobugebengu kuya ekuqashweni kanye nomshwalense.Lo mbiko ugxile kuma-genomics angewona awezempilo.Uhlola nokusetshenziswa kwe-genome kwezolimo, i-ecology kanye ne-synthetic biology ukuze aqonde ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwayo okungenzeka kwezinye izindawo.
Kodwa-ke, okuningi kwalokho esikwaziyo nge-genomics yabantu kuvela ocwaningweni oluhlola indima yalo kwezempilo nezifo.Impilo futhi iyindawo lapho kwakhiwa khona izicelo eziningi ezingase zibe khona.Yilapho esizoqala khona, futhi Izahluko 2 no-3 zethula isayensi nokuthuthukiswa kwegenomics.Lokhu kunikeza umongo womkhakha we-genomics futhi kunikeza ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oludingekayo ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi i-genomics ithinta kanjani izindawo okungezona ezempilo.Abafundi abangenazo isizinda sobuchwepheshe bangeqa ngokuphephile lesi singeniso baye Ezahlukweni 4, 5, no-6, ezethula okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwalo mbiko.
Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu bethakaselwa ufuzo lwethu kanye neqhaza elilibambayo ekwakhekeni kwethu.Sifuna ukuqonda ukuthi izici zofuzo zinethonya kanjani izici zethu zomzimba, impilo, ubuntu, izici namakhono, nokuthi zihlangana kanjani nemithelela yemvelo.
I-£ 4 billion, iminyaka engu-13 yezindleko nesikhathi sokuthuthukisa ukulandelana kwe-genome yomuntu yokuqala (izindleko ezilungisiwe zokwehla kwamandla emali).
I-Genomics iwucwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo zezinto eziphilayo - ukulandelana kwazo okuphelele kwe-DNA - nokuthi zonke izakhi zethu zofuzo zisebenza kanjani ndawonye ezinhlelweni zethu zebhayoloji.Ngekhulu lama-20, ukufundwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngokuvamile kwakulinganiselwe ekuqaphelisweni kwamawele ukuze kufundwe indima yofuzo nendawo ezungezile ezicini zomzimba nezokuziphatha (noma “imvelo nokukhulisa”).Kodwa-ke, maphakathi nawo-2000 kwaphawulwa ukushicilelwa kokuqala kwe-genome yomuntu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe be-genomic obusheshayo futhi obushibhile.
Lezi zindlela zisho ukuthi abacwaningi ekugcineni bangakwazi ukufunda ikhodi yofuzo ngokuqondile, ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu kanye nesikhathi.Ukulandelana okuphelele kofuzo lomuntu, okwakuthatha iminyaka futhi kubiza izigidi zezigidi zamaphawundi, manje kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi kosuku futhi kubiza cishe u-£800 [umbhalo waphansi 1].Abacwaningi manje sebengakwazi ukuhlaziya izakhi zofuzo zamakhulu abantu noma baxhume kuma-biobank aqukethe ulwazi mayelana nezakhi zofuzo zezinkulungwane zabantu.Ngenxa yalokho, idatha ye-genomic iqoqwa ngobuningi ukuze isetshenziswe ocwaningweni.
Kuze kube manje, i-genomics isetshenziswe ikakhulukazi ekunakekelweni kwezempilo kanye nocwaningo lwezokwelapha.Isibonelo, ukuhlonza ubukhona bezinhlobo zofuzo ezinesici, njengokuhluka kwe-BRCA1 okuhlotshaniswa nomdlavuza webele.Lokhu kungase kuvumele ukwelashwa kwangaphambili kokuvimbela, obekungeke kwenzeke ngaphandle kolwazi lwe-genome.Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukuqonda kwethu i-genomics kuye kwaba ngcono, kuye kwaba sobala ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ithonya le-genome lidlulela ngalé kwempilo nezifo.
Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, umzamo wokuqonda ukwakheka kwethu kofuzo uthuthuke kakhulu.Sesiqala ukuqonda ukwakheka nokusebenza kwe-genome, kodwa kusekuningi okufanele sikufunde.
Siyazi kusukela ngawo-1950s ukuthi ukulandelana kwe-DNA yethu ikhodi equkethe imiyalelo yokuthi amangqamuzana ethu enza kanjani amaprotheni.Isakhi sofuzo ngasinye sihambisana nephrotheni ehlukile enquma izici zento ephilayo (njengombala wamehlo noma usayizi wembali).I-DNA ingathonya izici ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: isakhi sofuzo esisodwa singanquma isici (isibonelo, uhlobo lwegazi lwe-ABO), izakhi zofuzo eziningana zingasebenza ngokuvumelana (ngokwesibonelo, ukukhula kwesikhumba nokushintsha umbala), noma ezinye izakhi zofuzo zingadlulela, zifihle ithonya lezinto ezihlukahlukene. ufuzo.ufuzo.ezinye izakhi zofuzo (ezifana nempandla nombala wezinwele).
Izimpawu eziningi zithonywa isenzo esihlangene seziqephu ze-DNA eziningi (mhlawumbe izinkulungwane).Kodwa ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuyi-DNA yethu kubangela izinguquko kumaprotheni, okungaholela ezicini ezishintshile.Ingumshayeli oyinhloko wokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlukahluka kanye nezifo.Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kunganikeza umuntu inzuzo noma kubi, kube izinguquko ezimaphakathi, noma kungabi namphumela nhlobo.Zingadluliselwa emindenini noma zivela ekukhulelweni.Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka lapho sebekhulile, ngokuvamile lokhu kunciphisa ukuchayeka kwabo kubantu kunokuba kube nenzalo yabo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezici nakho kungathonywa yizinqubo ze-epigenetic.Bangakwazi ukulawula ukuthi ufuzo luyavulwa noma luvaliwe yini.Ngokungafani nokuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ziyakwazi ukuguqulwa futhi ngokwengxenye zincike endaweni ezungezile.Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqonda imbangela yesici akuyona nje indaba yokufunda ukuthi ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo kuthonya isici ngasinye.Kuyadingeka ukucabangela izakhi zofuzo endaweni ebanzi, ukuqonda amanethiwekhi nokusebenzisana kuyo yonke i-genome, kanye nendima yendawo ezungezile.
Ubuchwepheshe be-Genomic bungasetshenziswa ukunquma ukulandelana kofuzo lomuntu ngamunye.Lezi zindlela manje sezisetshenziswa kabanzi ezifundweni eziningi futhi ziya ngokuya zinikezwa izinkampani zezentengiselwano zokuhlaziya impilo noma okokhokho.Izindlela ezisetshenziswa izinkampani noma abacwaningi ukuze kutholwe ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo zothile ziyahlukahluka, kodwa kuze kube muva nje, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-DNA microarraying ibisetshenziswa kakhulu.Ama-Microarray akala izingxenye ze-genome yomuntu kunokufunda ukulandelana kwawo wonke.Ngokomlando, ama-microchips abelula, ashesha, futhi ashibhile kunezinye izindlela, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kunemikhawulo ethile.
Uma idatha isiqoqiwe, ingacwaningwa esikalini kusetshenziswa izifundo ze-genome-wide association (noma i-GWAS).Lezi zifundo zibheka okuhlukile kofuzo okuhlotshaniswa nezici ezithile.Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, ngisho nezifundo ezinkulu kakhulu zembule ingxenye encane yemiphumela yofuzo engaphansi kwezici eziningi uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho esingakulindela ezifundweni ezingamawele.Ukwehluleka ukuhlonza zonke izimpawu zofuzo ezifanele zesici kwaziwa njengokuthi "inkinga yofuzo engekho".[umbhalo waphansi we-2]
Nokho, ikhono le-GWAS lokuhlonza okuhlukile kofuzo okuhlobene liyathuthuka ngedatha eyengeziwe, ngakho inkinga yokuntuleka kofuzo ingase ixazululwe njengoba idatha eyengeziwe yofuzo iqoqwa.
Ukwengeza, njengoba izindleko ziqhubeka nokuhla nobuchwepheshe buqhubeka buthuthuka, abacwaningi abaningi ngokwengeziwe basebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi ukulandelana kofuzo lonke esikhundleni sama-microarrays.Lokhu kufunda ngokuqondile ukulandelana kwe-genome kunokulandelana kwengxenye.Ukulandelanisa kunganqoba imikhawulo eminingi ehlobene nama-microarray, okuholela kudatha ecebile nenolwazi kakhulu.Le datha isiza futhi ekwehliseni inkinga yokungatholakali kwefa, okusho ukuthi sesiqala ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze zibe nomthelela ezicini.
Ngokunjalo, iqoqo elikhulu lokulandelana kofuzo oluphelele okwamanje oluhlelelwe izinjongo zezempilo yomphakathi lizohlinzeka ngamasethi edatha acebile nathembeke kakhulu ocwaningo.Lokhu kuzozuzisa labo abafunda ngezici ezinempilo nezingenampilo.
Njengoba sifunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela ufuzo oluthonya ngayo izici, singabikezela kangcono ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezihlukene zingase zisebenze kanjani ndawonye esicini esithile.Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlanganisa imiphumela yokubeka ephuma ezakhini zofuzo eziningi ukuya esilinganisweni esisodwa somthwalo wemfanelo wofuzo, owaziwa ngokuthi amaphuzu e-polygenic.Izikolo ze-Polygenic zivame ukuba izibikezelo ezinembe kakhudlwana zamathuba omuntu okuthuthukisa isici kunomaka bofuzo ngabanye.
Amaphuzu e-Polygenic okwamanje athola ukuduma ocwaningweni lwezempilo ngenhloso yosuku olulodwa ewasebenzisela ukuqondisa ukungenelela komtholampilo ezingeni ngalinye.Kodwa-ke, amaphuzu e-polygenic anqunyelwe i-GWAS, ngakho-ke abaningi abakabikezeli izici abaqondiswe kuzo ngokunembe kakhulu, futhi amaphuzu e-polygenic okukhula afinyelela ukunemba kokubikezela okungama-25%.[Umbhalo waphansi ekhasini 3] Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwezinye izimpawu zingase zinganembile njengezinye izindlela zokuxilonga njengokuhlola igazi noma i-MRI.Kodwa-ke, njengoba idatha ye-genomic ithuthuka, ukunemba kwezilinganiso ze-polygenicity kufanele futhi kuthuthuke.Ngokuzayo, izikolo ze-polygenic zingase zinikeze ulwazi ngengozi yomtholampilo ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunamathuluzi endabuko okuxilonga, futhi ngendlela efanayo angasetshenziswa ukubikezela izici ezingezona ezezempilo.
Kodwa, njenganoma iyiphi indlela, inemikhawulo.Umkhawulo oyinhloko we-GWAS ukuhlukahluka kwedatha esetshenzisiwe, engabonisi ukuhlukahluka kwesibalo sabantu sisonke.Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi kufika ku-83% we-GWAS wenziwa ngamaqoqo omsuka waseYurophu kuphela.[Umbhalo waphansi ekhasini 4] Lokhu kuyinkinga ngokucacile ngoba kusho ukuthi i-GWAS ingasebenza kuphela kubantu abathile.Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa okubikezelwayo okusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuchema yabantu be-GWAS kungase kubangele ukubandlululwa kwabantu abangaphandle kwenani le-GWAS.
Ezicini ezingezona ezezempilo, ukuqagela okusekelwe kuzikolo ze-polygenic okwamanje akunolwazi oluncane kunolwazi olutholakalayo olungezona i-genomic.Isibonelo, amaphuzu e-polygenic okubikezela ukuzuzwa kwezemfundo (enye yamaphuzu anamandla e-polygenic atholakalayo) awanolwazi oluncane kunezinyathelo ezilula zemfundo yabazali.[Umbhalo waphansi ekhasini 5] Amandla okubikezela amaphuzu e-polygenic azokwanda ngokungagwemeki njengoba isikali nokuhlukahluka kwezifundo, kanye nocwaningo olusekelwe kuyo yonke idatha yokulandelana kofuzo, kwanda.
Ucwaningo lwe-genome lugxile ku-genomics yezempilo nezifo, lusiza ukukhomba izingxenye ze-genome ezithinta ingozi yezifo.Esikwaziyo ngeqhaza le-genomics kuncike esifweni.Kwezinye izifo zofuzo olulodwa, njengesifo sikaHuntington, singabikezela ngokunembile amathuba omuntu okuba nalesi sifo ngokusekelwe emininingwaneni yofuzo lwakhe.Ezifweni ezibangelwa izakhi zofuzo eziningi ezihlangene namathonya emvelo, njengesifo senhliziyo, ukunemba kwezibikezelo ze-genomic kwakuphansi kakhulu.Ngokuvamile, lapho isifo noma isici esiyinkimbinkimbi, kuba nzima nakakhulu ukuqonda nokubikezela ngokunembile.Kodwa-ke, ukunemba kokubikezela kuyathuthuka njengoba amaqoqo afundwayo eba makhulu futhi ahluke kakhulu.
I-UK ihamba phambili ocwaningweni lwezempilo lwe-genomics.Senze ingqalasizinda enkulu kubuchwepheshe be-genomic, isizindalwazi socwaningo namandla ekhompyutha.I-UK ibe negalelo elikhulu olwazini lwe-genome yomhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sobhadane lwe-COVID-19 lapho sasihola indlela yokulandelana kofuzo lwegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2 kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha.
I-Genome UK isu lase-UK eliqhakazile lezempilo ye-genomic, i-NHS ihlanganisa ukulandelana kofuzo ekunakekelweni komtholampilo okujwayelekile ukuze kutholwe izifo ezingavamile, umdlavuza noma izifo ezithathelwanayo.[umbhalo waphansi we-6]
Lokhu kuzophinde kuholele ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwenani lezakhi zofuzo zabantu ezitholakalayo ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo.Lokhu kufanele kuvumele ucwaningo olubanzi futhi kuvule amathuba amasha okusetshenziswa kwe-genomics.Njengomholi womhlaba wonke ekuthuthukisweni kwedatha ye-genomic nengqalasizinda, i-UK inamandla okuba umholi womhlaba jikelele ezimisweni zokuziphatha kanye nokulawulwa kwesayensi ye-genomic.
I-Direct Consumption (DTC) izinsiza zokuhlola izakhi zofuzo zithengiswa ngqo kubathengi ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwabahlinzeki bezempilo.Amathe amathe athunyelwa ukuze ahlaziywe, okuhlinzeka abathengi ngempilo yomuntu siqu noma ukuhlaziywa kwemvelaphi emasontweni ambalwa nje.Le makethe ikhula ngokushesha, namashumi ezigidi zabathengi emhlabeni jikelele abathumela amasampula e-DNA ukuze alandelelwe ngokohwebo ukuze bathole ukuqonda ngempilo yabo, uhlu lozalo kanye nokuthambekela kofuzo kwezimpawu.
Ukunemba kwezinye izibalo ezisekelwe ku-genome ezihlinzeka ngamasevisi aqondile kumthengi kungaba phansi kakhulu.Ukuhlola kungase futhi kuthinte ubumfihlo bomuntu siqu ngokwabelana ngedatha, ukuhlonza izihlobo, kanye nokuphelelwa isikhathi kumaphrothokholi we-cybersecurity.Amakhasimende angase angaqondi ngokugcwele lezi zinkinga lapho exhumana nenkampani yokuhlola i-DTC.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-genomic kwe-DTCs yezimpawu okungezona ezokwelashwa nakho akulawulwa kakhulu.Badlula umthetho olawula ukuhlolwa kwe-genomic yezokwelapha futhi esikhundleni salokho bathembele ekuzilawuleni ngokuzithandela kwabahlinzeki bokuhlola.Eziningi zalezi zinkampani nazo zizinze ngaphandle kwase-UK futhi azilawulwa e-UK.
Ukulandelana kwe-DNA kunamandla ayingqayizivele kwisayensi ye-forensic ukukhomba abantu abangaziwa.I-Basic DNA analysis isetshenziswe kabanzi kusukela kwasungulwa i-DNA fingerprinting ngo-1984, kanti i-UK National DNA Database (NDNAD) iqukethe amaphrofayili abantu abayizigidi ezingu-5.7 kanye namarekhodi ezindawo zobugebengu angu-631,000.[umbhalo waphansi we-8]
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-14-2023