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Izakhi ezine zepayipi likakhonkolo lerabha (RuCFST), ipayipi elilodwa lensimbi kakhonkolo (CFST) kanye nesici esisodwa esingenalutho zahlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokugoba okumsulwa.Imingcele eyinhloko yi-shear ratio (λ) kusukela ku-3 kuya ku-5 kanye ne-rubber replacement ratio (r) kusuka ku-10% kuya ku-20%.Kutholakala ijika elijikayo lesikhashana eligobayo, ijika eligobayo lokuchezuka, kanye nejika eligobayo.Kuhlaziywe indlela yokucekela phansi ukhonkolo ngomgogodla wenjoloba.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi uhlobo lokwehluleka kwamalungu e-RuCFST ukwehluleka ukugoba.Imifantu ekhonkolo yenjoloba isakazwa ngokulinganayo futhi kancane, futhi ukugcwalisa ukhonkolo oyinhloko ngerabha kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemifantu.Isilinganiso se-shear-to-span sibe nomthelela omncane ekuziphatheni kwezibonelo zokuhlola.Izinga lokushintshwa kwenjoloba linomthelela omncane ekhonweni lokumelana nesikhathi sokugoba, kodwa linomthelela othile ekuqineni kokugoba kwesifanekiso.Ngemva kokugcwalisa ukhonkolo wenjoloba, uma kuqhathaniswa namasampula avela epayipini lensimbi elingenalutho, ikhono lokugoba nokuqina kokugoba kuyathuthukiswa.
Ngenxa yokusebenza kwazo okuhle kokuzamazama komhlaba kanye nomthamo omkhulu wokuthwala, izakhiwo ze-tubular zikakhonkolo eziqinisiwe zendabuko (CFST) zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumkhuba wesimanje wobunjiniyela1,2,3.Njengohlobo olusha lukakhonkolo wenjoloba, izinhlayiya zenjoloba zisetshenziselwa ukufaka esikhundleni sezingxenye zemvelo ngokwengxenye.Izakhiwo ze-Rubber Concrete Filled Steel Pipe (RuCFST) zakhiwa ngokugcwalisa amapayipi ensimbi ngokhonkolo wenjoloba ukwandisa i-ductility kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kwezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe4.Ayisebenzisi nje kuphela ngokunenzuzo ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kwamalungu e-CFST, kodwa futhi isebenzisa kahle imfucumfucu yenjoloba, ehlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa komnotho oyindilinga oluhlaza5,6.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukuziphatha kwamalungu endabuko e-CFST ngaphansi kwe-axial load7,8, i-axial load-moment interaction9,10,11 kanye nokugoba okumsulwa12,13,14 kuye kwacwaningwa ngokujulile.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi amandla okugoba, ukuqina, i-ductility namandla okukhipha amandla amakholomu nemishayo ye-CFST athuthukiswa ngokugcwaliswa kukakhonkolo wangaphakathi futhi abonise ukuphuka okuhle kwe-fracture.
Njengamanje, abanye abacwaningi baye bafunda ukuziphatha nokusebenza kwamakholomu e-RuCFST ngaphansi kwemithwalo ye-axial ehlanganisiwe.U-Liu no-Liang15 benze izivivinyo ezimbalwa kumakholomu amafushane e-RuCFST, futhi uma kuqhathaniswa namakholomu e-CFST, umthamo wokuthwala nokuqina kwehle ngokukhula kwedigri yenjoloba esikhundleni kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zenjoloba, kuyilapho i-ductility ikhula.I-Duarte4,16 ihlole amakholomu amaningana amafushane we-RuCFST futhi yabonisa ukuthi amakholomu e-RuCFST ayengama-ductile amaningi anokuqukethwe kwerabha okwandayo.I-Liang17 ne-Gao18 nazo zibike imiphumela efanayo ezimpahleni zamapulaki e-RuCFST abushelelezi nanodonga oluncane oluncane.U-Gu et al.19 kanye no-Jiang et al.20 bafunde amandla okuthwala ama-elementi e-RuCFST ekushiseni okuphezulu.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwenjoloba kwandisa i-ductility yesakhiwo.Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, amandla okuthwala aqale anciphe kancane.I-Patel21 ihlaziye ukuziphatha okucindezelayo nokuguquguqukayo kwemishayo namakholomu amafushane e-CFST aneziphetho eziyindilinga ngaphansi kokulayisha kwe-axial ne-uniaxial.Ukumodela ngekhompyutha nokuhlaziywa kwepharamitha kubonisa ukuthi amasu okulingisa asekelwe ku-fiber angahlola ngokunembile ukusebenza kwama-RCFST amafushane.Ukuvumelana nezimo kukhuphuka nge-aspect ratio, amandla ensimbi nokhonkolo, futhi kuncipha ngokujula kuya kogqinsi.Ngokuvamile, amakholomu amafushane e-RuCFST aziphatha ngendlela efanayo kumakholomu e-CFST futhi ane-ductile kakhulu kunamakholomu e-CFST.
Kungabonakala ekubuyekezweni okungenhla ukuthi amakholomu e-RuCFST athuthuka ngemva kokusetshenziswa kahle kwezithasiselo zenjoloba kukhonkolo eyisisekelo yamakholomu e-CFST.Njengoba kungekho mthwalo we-axial, ukugoba kwenetha kwenzeka ekupheleni komugqa wekholomu.Eqinisweni, izici zokugoba ze-RuCFST zizimele ezicini zomthwalo we-axial22.Kubunjiniyela obusebenzayo, izakhiwo ze-RuCFST zivame ukubekelwa imithwalo yesikhashana egobayo.Ukucwaninga kwezakhiwo zayo zokugoba okumsulwa kusiza ukunquma ukuguquguquka kanye nezindlela zokwehluleka kwezinto ze-RuCFST ngaphansi kwesenzo sokuzamazama komhlaba23.Ngezakhiwo ze-RuCFST, kuyadingeka ukutadisha izakhiwo zokugoba ezihlanzekile zezakhi ze-RuCFST.
Mayelana nalokhu, amasampula ayisithupha ahlolwe ukuze kufundwe izici zemishini yezakhi zamapayipi ensimbi ayizikwele ezigobile.Okunye kwalesi sihloko kuhlelwe kanje.Okokuqala, ama-specimens ayisithupha-square-section anenjoloba noma ngaphandle kokugcwaliswa ahlolwe.Bheka imodi yokwehluleka kwesampula ngayinye ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa.Okwesibili, ukusebenza kwezakhi ze-RuCFST ekugobeni okuhlanzekile kwahlaziywa, futhi umphumela we-shear-to-span ratio ye-3-5 kanye ne-rubber replacement ratio ye-10-20% ezindaweni zesakhiwo se-RuCFST kwaxoxwa ngakho.Ekugcineni, umehluko kumthamo wokuthwala umthwalo kanye nokuqina kokugoba phakathi kwezakhi ze-RuCFST nezinto zendabuko ze-CFST ziyaqhathaniswa.
Kwaqedwa izibonelo ze-CFST eziyisithupha, ezine zagcwala ukhonkolo owenziwe ngenjoloba, esisodwa sagcwala ukhonkolo ovamile, kanti esesithupha sasingenalutho.Imiphumela yezinga lokushintsha kwerabha (r) kanye nesilinganiso se-span shear (λ) kuxoxwa ngayo.Amapharamitha ayinhloko esampula anikezwe kuThebula 1. Uhlamvu t lubonisa ukujiya kwepayipi, B ubude bohlangothi lwesampula, L ubude besampula, i-Mue amandla okugoba alinganiselwe, i-Kie iwukuqala. ukugoba ukuqina, i-Kse iwukuqina okugobayo enkonzweni.indawo.
Isifanekiso se-RuCFST sakhiwe ngamapuleti ensimbi amane ashiselwe ngababili ukuze akhe ishubhu lensimbi eliyisikwele elingenalutho, elibe seligcwaliswa ngokhonkolo.Ipuleti lensimbi eliwugqinsi elingu-10 mm lishiselwe ekugcineni kwesampula.Izakhiwo zensimbi zensimbi ziboniswa kuThebula 2. Ngokusho kwe-Chinese standard GB/T228-201024, amandla e-tensile (fu) namandla okukhiqiza (fy) wepayipi lensimbi kunqunywa indlela yokuhlola evamile.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingu-260 MPa kanye nama-MPa angama-350 ngokulandelana.I-modulus of elasticity (Es) ingu-176 GPa, kanti isilinganiso sikaPoisson (ν) sensimbi singu-0.3.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, amandla okucindezela ama-cubic (fcu) kakhonkolo wesithenjwa ngosuku lwama-28 abalwe ku-40 MPa.Izilinganiso 3, 4 kanye no-5 zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kunkomba yangaphambilini engu-25 njengoba lokhu kungase kuveze noma yiziphi izinkinga ngokudluliselwa kwamashifu.Amazinga amabili okushintsha irabha angu-10% no-20% ashintsha isihlabathi kungxube kakhonkolo.Kulolu cwaningo, kusetshenziswe impushana yerabha yamasondo evamile evela ku-Tianyu Cement Plant (uphawu lwe-Tianyu e-China).Ubukhulu bezinhlayiyana zenjoloba buyi-1-2 mm.Ithebula lesi-3 libonisa isilinganiso sikakhonkolo werabha nezingxube.Ngohlobo ngalunye lwekhonkrithi yenjoloba, ama-cubes amathathu anehlangothini le-150 mm aphonswa futhi aphulukiswa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezinqunywe yizindinganiso.Isihlabathi esisetshenziswe kule ngxube siyisihlabathi se-siliceous futhi isamba esimahhadla i-carbonate rock e-Shenyang City, eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-China.Amandla okucindezela ama-cubic ezinsuku ezingama-28 (fcu), amandla okucindezela e-prismatic (fc') kanye nemodulus yokunwebeka (Ec) yezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokushintshwa kwenjoloba (10% no-20%) aboniswa kuThebula 3. Sebenzisa izinga le-GB50081-201926.
Zonke izibonelo zokuhlola zihlolwa nge-hydraulic cylinder enamandla angu-600 kN.Ngesikhathi sokulayisha, amandla amabili agxilile asetshenziswa ngokulinganayo endaweni yokuhlola yokugoba enamaphuzu amane bese asatshalaliswa phezu kwesifanekiso.Ukuguqulwa kukalwa ngamageji amahlanu ohlobo lwesampula endaweni ngayinye yesampula.Ukuchezuka kubonwa kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezintathu zokuthutha eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 1 no-2. 1 no-2.
Ukuhlola kusebenzise isistimu yokulayisha kuqala.Layisha ngesivinini esingu-2kN/s, bese ume kancane ngomthwalo ongafika ku-10kN, uhlole ukuthi ithuluzi neseli yomthwalo kusesimweni sokusebenza esivamile.Ngaphakathi kwebhande elinwebekayo, ukukhuphuka komthwalo ngakunye kusebenza ngaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi yomthwalo omkhulu obikezelwe.Lapho ipayipi lensimbi liguga, umthwalo osetshenzisiwe ungaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi nanhlanu yomthwalo omkhulu obikezelwe.Bamba cishe imizuzu emibili ngemva kokufaka izinga ngalinye lomthwalo phakathi nesigaba sokulayisha.Njengoba isampula isondela ekuhlulekeni, izinga lokulayisha okuqhubekayo liyancipha.Lapho umthwalo we-axial ufinyelela ngaphansi kuka-50% womthwalo wokugcina noma umonakalo osobala utholakala ku-specimen, ukulayishwa kuqedwa.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwazo zonke izibonelo zokuhlola kubonise i-ductility enhle.Akukho mifantu eqinile esobala etholakele endaweni eqinile yepayipi lensimbi lesiqephu sokuhlola.Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zokulimala kwamapayipi ensimbi ziboniswa emkhiwaneni.3. Ukuthatha isampula SB1 njengesibonelo, esigabeni sokuqala sokulayisha lapho isikhathi sokugoba singaphansi kuka-18 kN m, isampula SB1 lisesigabeni sokunwebeka ngaphandle kokuguquka okusobala, futhi izinga lokukhula esikhathini sokugoba esilinganisiwe likhulu kune izinga lokwenyuka kwe-curvature.Kamuva, ipayipi lensimbi endaweni eqinile liyakhubazeka futhi lidlulela esigabeni sokunwebeka sepulasitiki.Lapho umzuzu wokugoba ufinyelela cishe ku-26 kNm, indawo yokucindezela yensimbi ephakathi nendawo iqala ukwanda.I-edema ikhula kancane kancane njengoba umthwalo ukhula.Ijika lokuchezuka komthwalo awehli kuze kube yilapho umthwalo ufika endaweni yawo ephakeme kakhulu.
Ngemva kokuqedwa kokuhlolwa, isampula ye-SB1 (RuCFST) kanye nesampula ye-SB5 (CFST) yasikwa ukuze kubonakale ngokucacile imodi yokwehluleka kokhonkolo oluyisisekelo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4. Kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 4 ukuthi ukuqhekeka kwesampula. I-SB1 isakazwa ngokulinganayo futhi kancane kukhonkolo yesisekelo, futhi ibanga phakathi kwabo lisuka ku-10 kuya ku-15 cm.Ibanga phakathi kokuqhekeka kwesampula SB5 lisuka ku-5 kuya ku-8 cm, ukuqhekeka akuvamile futhi kusobala.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhekeka kwesampula SB5 kunwebeka cishe ngo-90° ukusuka endaweni yengcindezi kuya endaweni yokucindezelwa futhi kuthuthuke cishe ku-3/4 wobude besigaba.Ukuqhekeka kukakhonkolo okuyinhloko kusampula SB1 kuncane futhi kuncane kakhulu kunesampula SB5.Ukushintsha isihlabathi ngenjoloba, ngokwezinga elithile, kungavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwemifantu kukhonkolo.
Emkhiwaneni.5 ikhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kokuchezuka ngobude besifanekiso ngasinye.Umugqa oqinile uyijika lokuchezuka lesiqephu sokuhlola futhi umugqa onamachashazi uyigagasi lesigamu le-sinusoidal.Kusukela emkhiwaneni.Umfanekiso wesi-5 ubonisa ukuthi ijika lokuchezuka kwenduku livumelana kahle ne-sinusoidal half-wave curve ekulayisheni kokuqala.Njengoba umthwalo ukhula, ijika lokuchezuka lichezuka kancane ku-sinusoidal half-wave curve.Njengomthetho, ngesikhathi sokulayisha, ama-curve e-deflection awo wonke amasampuli endaweni ngayinye yokulinganisa ijika le-symmetrical half-sinusoidal curve.
Njengoba ukuchezuka kwezakhi ze-RuCFST ekugobeni okumsulwa kulandela ijika le-sinusoidal half-wave, i-equation egobayo ingavezwa kanje:
Uma uhlobo lwefayibha ephezulu ingu-0.01, kucatshangelwa izimo zangempela zohlelo lokusebenza, isikhathi sokugoba esihambisanayo sinqunywa njengomthamo wokugcina wesikhathi sokugoba wesici27.Umthamo wesikhathi sokugoba esilinganisiwe (i-Mue) esinqunywe ngaleyo ndlela uboniswa kuThebula 1. Ngokomthamo wesikhashana sokugoba esilinganisiwe (Mue) kanye nefomula (3) yokubala ukugoba (φ), ijika le-M-φ kuMfanekiso 6 lingaba uzungu.Ku-M = 0.2Mue28, ukuqina kokuqala kwe-Kie kubhekwa njengokuqina okugoba okugundayo okuhambisanayo.Uma i-M = 0.6Mue, ukuqina kokugoba (Kse) kwesiteji sokusebenza kwakusethelwe ekuqineni kokugoba kwe-secant okuhambisanayo.
Kungabonakala kujika lejika lesikhathi sokugoba ukuthi umzuzu wokugoba nokugoba kwenyuke ngokuphawulekayo ngokomugqa esigabeni sokunwebeka.Izinga lokukhula lomzuzu wokugoba liphezulu ngokusobala kunele-curvature.Uma umzuzu wokugoba uM ungu-0.2Mue, isifanekiso sifinyelela esigabeni somkhawulo wokunwebeka.Njengoba umthwalo ukhula, isampula ingena epulasitiki futhi idlulela esigabeni se-elastoplastic.Ngomzuzu wokugoba u-M olingana no-0.7-0.8 Mue, ipayipi lensimbi lizokhubazeka endaweni ye-tension kanye nendawo yokucindezela ngokushintshana.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ijika le-Mf lesampula liqala ukuzibonakalisa njengephuzu le-inflection futhi likhula ngokungahambisani nomugqa, okuthuthukisa umphumela ohlangene wepayipi yensimbi kanye nomgogodla wekhonkrithi yerabha.Uma u-M elingana ne-Mue, isifanekiso singena esiteji sokuqina kwepulasitiki, ngokuchezuka nokugoba kwesifanekiso kukhula ngokushesha, kuyilapho isikhathi sokugoba sikhula kancane.
Emkhiwaneni.7 ibonisa amajika esikhathi sokugoba (M) ngokumelene nobunzima (ε) kusampula ngayinye.Ingxenye engenhla yengxenye emaphakathi ne-span yesampula ingaphansi kokucindezelwa, futhi ingxenye engezansi ingaphansi kwengcindezi.Amageji ohlobo abhalwe ukuthi “1″ kanye “2” atholakala phezulu kwesiqephu sokuhlola, amageji ohlobo abhalwe ukuthi “3” atholakala maphakathi nesampula, futhi amageji ohlobo abhalwe ukuthi “4″ kanye “5”.” zitholakala ngaphansi kwesampula yokuhlola.Ingxenye engezansi yesampula iboniswe ku-Fig. 2. Kusukela ku-Fig. 7 kungabonakala ukuthi esigabeni sokuqala sokulayisha, ukuguqulwa kwe-longitudinal endaweni yokucindezeleka kanye nendawo yokucindezela ye-element kuseduze kakhulu, futhi ama-deformation acishe abe ngomugqa.Engxenyeni ephakathi, kukhona ukukhuphuka kancane kokuguqulwa kwe-longitudinal, kodwa ubukhulu balokhu kukhula kuncane.Kamuva, ukhonkolo wenjoloba endaweni yokucindezela kwaqhekeka.Ngoba ipayipi lensimbi endaweni yokucindezela idinga kuphela ukumelana namandla, futhi ukhonkolo wenjoloba kanye nepayipi lensimbi endaweni yokucindezela ithwala umthwalo ndawonye, ukuwohloka endaweni yokucindezela kwesici kukhulu kunokwakheka kwe-Deformation Njengoba umthwalo ukhula, ukuguqulwa kudlula amandla okukhiqiza ensimbi, futhi ipayipi lensimbi lingena. isiteji se-elastoplastic.Izinga lokukhula kohlobo lwesampula laliphezulu kakhulu kunomzuzu wokugoba, futhi indawo yepulasitiki yaqala ukukhula ibe yisigaba esigcwele esiphambanweni.
Amajika e-M-um esampula ngayinye akhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 8. Kufig.8, wonke amajika e-M-um alandela inkambiso efanayo neyamalungu endabuko e-CFST22,27.Esimweni ngasinye, amajika e-M-um abonisa ukusabela okunwebekayo esigabeni sokuqala, okulandelwa ukuziphatha kwe-inelastic nokuncipha kokuqina, kuze kube yilapho umzuzu wokugoba ovunyelwe ufinyelelwa kancane kancane.Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemingcele yokuhlola ehlukene, amajika e-M-um ahluke kancane.Umzuzu wokuchezuka wezilinganiso ze-shear-to-span ukusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5 uboniswa kufig.8a.Umthamo ovunyelwe wokugoba wesampula SB2 (isici sokugunda λ = 4) ungaphansi ngo-6.57% kunesampula SB1 (λ = 5), futhi amandla okugoba umzuzu wesampula SB3 (λ = 3) makhulu kunesampula SB2 (λ = 4) 3.76%.Ngokuvamile, njengoba isilinganiso se-shear-to-span sikhula, ukuthambekela koshintsho esikhathini esivumelekile akubonakali.Ijika le-M-um alibonakali lihlobene nesilinganiso se-shear-to-span.Lokhu kuhambisana nalokho uLu no-Kennedy25 abakuqaphelile ngemishayo ye-CFST enezilinganiso ze-shear-to-span ezisuka ku-1.03 kuya ku-5.05.Isizathu esingaba isizathu samalungu e-CFST ukuthi ezilinganisweni ezihlukene ze-span shear, indlela yokudlulisa amandla phakathi kwengqikithi kakhonkolo namapayipi ensimbi icishe ifane, engabonakali njengamalunga okhonkolo aqinisiwe25.
Kusukela emkhiwaneni.I-8b ibonisa ukuthi amandla okuthwala amasampula SB4 (r = 10%) kanye ne-SB1 (r = 20%) iphakeme kancane noma ingaphansi kunaleyo yesampula evamile i-CFST SB5 (r = 0), futhi inyuke ngamaphesenti angu-3.15 futhi yehla ngo- 1 .57 amaphesenti.Nokho, ukuqina kokugoba kokuqala (Kie) kwamasampuli SB4 kanye ne-SB1 kuphezulu kakhulu kunalelo lesampula SB5, elingu-19.03% no-18.11% ngokulandelana.Ukuqina kokugoba (i-Kse) kwamasampuli SB4 kanye ne-SB1 esigabeni sokusebenza kungu-8.16% no-7.53% ngaphezulu kwalokho kwesampula SB5, ngokulandelanayo.Zibonisa ukuthi izinga lokushintshwa kwenjoloba linethonya elincane ekhonweni lokugoba, kodwa linomthelela omkhulu ekuqineni kokugoba kwezibonelo ze-RuCFST.Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi i-plasticity kakhonkolo wenjoloba kumasampuli we-RuCFST iphakeme kune-plasticity kakhonkolo wemvelo kumasampuli avamile we-CFST.Ngokuvamile, ukuqhekeka nokuqhekeka kukakhonkolo wemvelo kuqala ukusabalala ngaphambi kukakhonkolo wenjoloba29.Kusukela kumodi yokwehluleka evamile yesisekelo sokhonkolo (Fig. 4), imifantu yesampula ye-SB5 (ukhonkolo wemvelo) mikhulu futhi iminyene kunaleyo yesampula SB1 (ukhonkolo werabha).Lokhu kungase kube nomthelela ekuvinjweni okuphezulu okunikezwa amapayipi ensimbi esampula ye-SB1 Reinforced Concrete uma kuqhathaniswa nesampula ye-SB5 Natural Concrete.Ucwaningo lwe-Durate16 luphinde lwafinyelela eziphethweni ezifanayo.
Kusukela emkhiwaneni.I-8c ibonisa ukuthi i-elementi ye-RuCFST inekhono elingcono lokugoba kanye ne-ductility kunesici sepayipi lensimbi elingenalutho.Amandla okugoba esampula ye-SB1 esuka ku-RuCFST (r=20%) aphakeme ngo-68.90% kunalawo esampula SB6 asuka epayipini lensimbi elingenalutho, kanye nokuqina kokugoba kokuqala (Kie) nokuqina okugoba esigabeni sokusebenza (Kse) sesampula SB1. zishintshiwe zaba ngu--40.52% ngesonto., ephakeme kunesampula SB6, ibiphakeme ngo-16.88%.Isenzo esihlanganisiwe sepayipi yensimbi kanye nenhloko yekhonkrithi ye-rubberized kwandisa umthamo we-flexural nokuqina kwesici esihlanganisiwe.Izakhi ze-RuCFST zibonisa izibonelo ezinhle ze-ductility lapho zingaphansi kwemithwalo egobile.
Izikhathi zokugoba eziwumphumela zaqhathaniswa nezikhathi zokugoba ezicaciswe kumazinga edizayini amanje njengemithetho yaseJapane i-AIJ (2008) 30, imithetho yaseBrithani BS5400 (2005) 31, imithetho yaseYurophu EC4 (2005) 32 kanye nemithetho yamaShayina GB50936 (2014) 33. isikhathi sokugoba (Muc) kumzuzu wokugoba wokuhlola (Mue) unikezwe kuThebula lesi-4 futhi wethulwa emkhiwaneni.9. Amanani abaliwe e-AIJ (2008), BS5400 (2005) kanye ne-GB50936 (2014) angu-19%, 13.2% kanye no-19.4% aphansi kunamanani okuhlola amaphakathi, ngokulandelanayo.Isikhathi sokugoba esibalwe yi-EC4 (2005) singama-7% ngaphansi kwenani lokuhlola elimaphakathi, okuyilona eliseduze kakhulu.
Izici zomshini zezakhi ze-RuCFST ngaphansi kokugoba okuhlanzekile ziyaphenywa ngokuhlolwa.Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni, kungafinyelelwa eziphethweni ezilandelayo.
Amalungu ahloliwe e-RuCFST abonise ukuziphatha okufana namaphethini endabuko e-CFST.Ngaphandle kwezibonelo zamapayipi ensimbi angenalutho, izibonelo ze-RuCFST ne-CFST zine-ductility enhle ngenxa yokugcwalisa ukhonkolo wenjoloba nokhonkolo.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-05-2023