Ukuphimisela: stēl Umsebenzi: ibizo I-Etymology: I-Stele yesiNgisi Esiphakathi, kusukela ku-Old English, stEle;efana ne-Old High German stahalsteel, mhlawumbe efana ne-Sanskrit stakati, amelana nayo.
Izinhlayiya ezincane ze-limestone (i-flux) ne-iron ore kunzima ukucubungula nokuthutha ngenxa yothuli nokubola.Ngakho-ke, izinto eziyimpuphu zivame ukucutshungulwa zibe izingcezu ezinkulu.Izici zezinto zokusetshenziswa zinquma ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa esitshalweni.
Ama-pellets abhakiwe anamathela ndawonye abe yizicucu ezingaba yi-intshi eyodwa ngosayizi.Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa uthuli lwensimbi oluqoqwe ezithandweni eziqhumayo.
Izingcezu ezincane zakhiwa ngokucindezela izinto ndawonye.I-Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) iyinsimbi egxilile engasetshenziswa esikhundleni sezinsimbi ezilahliwe ezithandweni zikagesi.
Ushintsho ezimpahleni zezinsimbi ezithile nama-alloys, njengensimbi, okwenzeka emazingeni okushisa azungezile noma aphakeme ngokumaphakathi ngemva kokwelashwa okushisayo noma ukusebenza okubandayo.Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ezithintekayo yilezi: ubulukhuni, amandla esivuno, amandla aqinile, i-ductility, ukuqina, ukwakheka, izakhiwo kazibuthe, njll.
I-AISI isebenza njengezwi lemboni yensimbi yase-US ngenqubomgomo yomphakathi futhi ikhuthaza insimbi njengento yokuzikhethela emakethe.I-AISI iphinde ibambe iqhaza eliphambili ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo emisha yensimbi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwenza insimbi.I-AISI yakhiwe abakhiqizi bezithando ezijwayelekile zensimbi kanye ne-arc kagesi, kanye namalungu ahlangene angabahlinzeki noma amakhasimende embonini yensimbi.
Noma iyiphi into eyinsimbi eyengezwe ngesikhathi sokuncibilikiswa kwensimbi noma i-aluminium ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqwala, ubulukhuni, noma amandla.Izinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njengama-alloying ensimbi engagqwali zifaka i-chromium, i-nickel ne-molybdenum.
Izingxube ezisekelwe ku-iron zibhekwa njengezinsimbi ze-alloy uma okuqukethwe kwe-manganese kudlula u-1.65%, i-silicon idlula u-0.5%, ithusi idlula u-0.6%, noma ezinye izakhi ezincane ze-alloying zikhona, njenge-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum noma i-tungsten.Ngokufaka esikhundleni salezi zakhi ku-recipe, izakhiwo eziningi zensimbi ezihlukahlukene zingadalwa.
Insimbi ikhishwa nge-aluminium, inhloso ukunciphisa okuqukethwe komoyampilo ukuze ngesikhathi sokuqina kungabikho ukusabela phakathi kwekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo.
Ukwelashwa kokushisa noma inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa okwenza amakhoyili asongwe ngaphambi kokuba abandayo afaneleke ukubunjwa nokugotshwa.Ishidi lensimbi lishiswa ekushiseni okunqunywe kusengaphambili isikhathi esanele bese liyapholiswa.
Ngesikhathi sokugoqa okubandayo kwamakhoyili, izibopho phakathi kwezinhlamvu zensimbi ziyanwetshwa, okwenza insimbi ibe brittle futhi ibe brittle.I-Annealing ivumela ukwakheka kwamabhondi amasha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela "i-recrystallizing" isakhiwo sokusanhlamvu sensimbi.
Isidingo sensimbi sibalwa ngokusekelwe ekuthunyelweni kwensimbi yokugaya okubikwe yi-AISI kanye nokuphuma kwamanye amazwe okubikwe yiCensus Bureau kukhishwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle okubikwe yiCensus Bureau.Amaphesenti ezimakethe zasekhaya asekelwe kulesi sibalo futhi awabheki izinguquko ezinhlwini.
Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yensimbi engagqwali kufanele kube ngaphansi kwalokho kwekhabhoni noma insimbi ye-alloy ephansi (okungukuthi, insimbi enezinto ezingaphansi kuka-5% zengxubevange).Nakuba i-electric arc furnace (EAF) iyindlela evamile yokuncibilikisa kanye nokucwengisiswa kwensimbi engagqwali, i-AAF iyisengezo esiyongayo ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sokusebenza kanye namazinga okushisa aphansi kune-EAF steelmaking.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucwengwa kwensimbi engagqwali kusetshenziswa i-AOD kukhulisa ukutholakala kwe-EAF yokuncibilikisa.
Insimbi engancibilikisiwe encibilikisiwe idluliswa isuka ku-EAF iye emkhunjini ohlukile.Ingxube ye-argon ne-oxygen ivuthela ensimbi encibilikisiwe kusukela phansi komkhumbi.Kanye nalawa magesi, izinto zokuhlanza zengezwa emkhunjini ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola, futhi umoya-mpilo uhlangana nekhabhoni ensimbi engacwengekile ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.Ukuba khona kwe-argon kwandisa ukuhlangana kwekhabhoni ye-oxygen, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukususwa kwe-carbon.
Izinkampani eziningi ezihlangene azikwazi ukwehlisa amazinga okuqasha ukuze zinciphise izindleko, ngakho-ke abaphathi kumele bathembele ekudilizweni ukuze bagcwalise izikhala ezingakwazi ukugcwaliswa.Njengoba isilinganiso seminyaka yabasebenzi basefekthri edidiyelwe kungenzeka sidlule ku-50, inani elikhulayo labathatha umhlalaphansi linganikeza lezi zinkampani ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe ukuze zithuthukise ukuncintisana kwazo.
Isigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke sensimbi engagqwali, esibalela cishe u-70% wayo yonke imikhiqizo.Ngenxa yokuphakama kwawo kwe-nickel nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-chromium, izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic zinokumelana nokugqwala okuqine kakhulu eqenjini lensimbi engagqwali.Izinsimbi ezingenasici ze-Austenitic ziqiniswa futhi ziqiniswe ukusebenza okubandayo (ngokusebenzisa ingcindezi emazingeni okushisa aphansi ukuze kushintshwe ukwakheka nokuma kwensimbi) kunokwelapha ukushisa.I-Ductility (ikhono lokushintsha isimo ngaphandle kokuphuka) ihle kakhulu ezinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic.I-solderability enhle kakhulu nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu yizici ezengeziwe zaleli klasi.
Izicelo zihlanganisa abapheki, okokusebenza kokucubungula ukudla, izakhiwo zangaphandle, okokusebenza kwemboni yamakhemikhali, ama-trailer amaloli nosinki basekhishini.
Amamaki amabili avame kakhulu uhlobo lwe-304 (insimbi engagqwali esetshenziswa kakhulu, enikeza ukumelana nokugqwala ngaphansi kwezimo eziningi ezijwayelekile) kanye nohlobo 316 (olufana no-304, olune-molybdenum yengezwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokugqoka).
Idivayisi ecindezela insimbi engenalutho emnyango noma ihood yomumo oyifunayo, isibonelo, kusetshenziswa isitembu esinamandla (isikhunta).Insimbi esetshenzisiwe kufanele ibe yi-ductile eyanele (i-tensile) ukuze ikwazi ukugoba ngaphandle kokuphuka.
Besebenzisa amasistimu e-hydraulic rolling force, abenzi bensimbi bangakwazi ukulawula ngokunembile ubukhulu (ubukhulu) bamashidi ensimbi njengoba bedlula ezigayweni ezibandayo ngesivinini esingaphezu kwamamayela angu-50 ngehora.Isebenzisa impendulo noma isistimu yokuphakela phambili, inzwa yegebe yekhompyutha ilungisa ibanga phakathi kwamaroli ekhalenda yokugaya ngenani lezikhathi ezingama-50-60 ngomzuzwana.Lokhu kulungiswa kuvimbela ukufakwa ngaphandle kwe-spec ukuthi kwenziwe ngomshini.
Idivayisi yokulawula ukungcoliswa komoya esetshenziselwa ukubamba izinhlayiya ngokuhlunga ukusakaza komoya ngendwangu enkulu noma isikhwama se-fiberglass.
Ishidi lensimbi eligoqiwe elipholile lamaphaneli omzimba wemoto.Ngenxa yokwelashwa okukhethekile, insimbi inezindawo ezinhle zokungena namandla, futhi inokumelana okukhulayo nama-dents ngemva kokudubula.
Isithando somlilo esimise okwepheya esifakwe izitini esiphikisayo sisetshenziselwa ukucubungula insimbi encibilikisiwe kanye nezinsimbi ezilahliwe zisuka ezithandweni eziqhumayo zibe insimbi.Kufika ku-30% wezinto ezingavuthiwe ezifakwa kusiguquli kungaba yizicucu, okunye kube insimbi encibilikisiwe.
Amafurnace okuguqula, angacwenga ukuncibilika (inqwaba) yensimbi ngaphansi kwemizuzu engama-45, athathe indawo yeziko elivuliwe ngeminyaka yawo-1950, lesi sakamuva sidinga amahora amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha ukucubungula insimbi.Ukusebenza okusheshayo, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokusebenza kalula kwe-BOF kuyinikeza izinzuzo ezicacile kunezindlela zangaphambilini.
Izinsalela zithelwa esithandweni, kulandele insimbi encibilikisiwe evela esithandweni somlilo.I-lance yehliswa isuka phezulu, lapho umoya komoyampilo ushaywa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, okubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuhlukanisa ukungcola kube intuthu noma i-slag.Ngemuva kokucwenga, insimbi encibilikisiwe kanye ne-slag ikhishwa ezitsheni ezihlukene.
Imikhiqizo emide egoqelwe ezikhaleni.I-rebar yezentengiselwano ne-rebar (i-rebar) yizigaba ezimbili ezijwayelekile ze-rebar lapho ibha yezentengiselwano ihlanganisa amabha ayindingilizi, ayisicaba, ama-engeli, ayisikwele namashaneli futhi isetshenziswa abakhiqizi ukwenza imikhiqizo eyahlukene njengefenisha, izitebhisi nezinsimbi zezolimo.esetshenziswa ukuqinisa ukhonkolo emigwaqweni, emabhulohweni nasezakhiwo.
I-steel semi-finished formwork yemikhiqizo "emide": imigoqo, iziteshi noma amanye amafomu akhayo.Amabhilidi ahluke kuma-slabs ngobukhulu bawo bangaphandle;amabhilidi ngokuvamile angama-intshi angu-2 kuya kwangu-7 isikwele, futhi ama-slabs angama-intshi angu-30 kuya kwangu-80 ububanzi nama-intshi angu-2 kuya kwangu-10 ubukhulu.Zombili isikhunta ngokuvamile ziphonswa ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa chemistry yabo ingahluka kakhulu.
Ishidi lensimbi eligoqiwe elibandayo lisuka ku-12″ ukuya ku-32″ ububanzi lisetshenziswa njengesisekelo (impahla eluhlaza) yokufaka amathini.
Isilinda esiphakeme esifakwe izitini eziphikisayo (eziphikisayo) ezisetshenziswa izigayo zensimbi ukuncibilikisa insimbi ensimbini.Ithatha igama layo kusukela "kumagagasi okushisa" omoya oshisayo namagesi aphoqelelwa ngensimbi yensimbi, i-coke ne-limestone elayishwe kuhhavini.
Izinyathelo zokuqala zokulungiselela umugqa oyisicaba wabasebenzisi bokugcina.Okungenalutho kuyishidi lezinto ezinobukhulu obufanayo bangaphandle njengengxenye enikeziwe, njengomnyango noma ihood, kodwa elingakagxivizwa.Abakhiqizi bensimbi banganikeza amakhasimende abo isikhala esingenalutho ukuze banciphise izindleko zomsebenzi nezokuthutha;insimbi eyeqile ingasikwa ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
Isakhiwo sensimbi esiqedwe kancane sesigaba esingunxande ngaphezu kwamayintshi angu-8.Lesi sigaba esikhulu sensimbi esisansimbi siphulwa emshinini wokugaywa ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-H-beams ajwayelekile, ama-H-beam kanye nezinqwaba zamashidi.Ama-blooms nawo ayingxenye yenqubo yokukhiqiza ibha yekhwalithi ephezulu: ukunciphisa ingxenye ye-bloom cross kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yensimbi.
Ingozi edalwe ukugeleza okungalawuleki kwensimbi encibilikisiwe noma i-slag (noma kokubili) kusuka esithandweni somlilo ngenxa yokwehluleka kodonga lwesithando somlilo.
"Insimu endala" iqhathaniswa "nenkundla eluhlaza" (noma izinto ezintsha ngokuphelele).Ukwelula izinto ezibukhoma kusho ukwengeza ezintweni ezikhona.
Ama-ridge amahle kakhulu emaphethelweni e-strip ngenxa yemisebenzi yokusika efana nokusika, ukusika, ukugunda noma ukuvala.Isibonelo, lapho umenzi wensimbi esika izinhlangothi zeshidi elihambisanayo noma elisika libe imicu, imiphetho yalo izogoba ibheke lapho kusike khona (bheka i-Edge-rolling).
I-Scrap ehlanganisa iziqeshana nezitembu ekukhiqizeni kwe-metallurgical.Leli gama livela kumkhuba wokuqoqa izinto ngobhasikidi bamabhasi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.
Ipayipi elijwayelekile elisetshenziswa epayipini.Isidumbu esishisayo sidlula ngokuqhubekayo kuma-welding rollers, sakha ithubhu futhi sicindezela imiphetho eshisayo ngokumelene nomunye nomunye, sakha i-weld eqinile.
I-Radian ukuchezuka ukusuka ekuqondeni konqenqema.Ubukhulu bokubekezelela okuvunyelwe kwalokhu kuchezuka kohlangothi emugqeni oqondile kuchazwe kuzinga le-ASTM.
Ikhono elivamile lokukhiqiza insimbi esikhathini esinikeziwe.Lesi silinganiso kufanele sifake izimfuneko zokunakekelwa, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi amasevisi anjalo ahlelwe ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zomshini (kunezidingo zekhalenda), imboni ingasebenza ngomthamo ongaphezu kuka-100% inyanga bese yehla ngokuphawulekayo.mayelana nokulungisa Umthamo ofakiwe uyabonakala.
Umthamo wetiyori wesigayo noma isincibilikisi, kuncike emikhawulweni yokuhlinzeka ngesitoko kanye nesivinini esivamile sokusebenza.
Amavolumu asetshenziswe kahle avumela ukugcinwa kwemishini futhi abonise izingqinamba zamanje zempahla.(Amabhodlela ekunikezeni nasekusabalaliseni ashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba umthamo ukhula noma uncipha.)
Insimbi equkethe ngokuyinhloko i-elemental carbon futhi isakhiwo sayo sincike kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.Iningi lensimbi ekhiqizwa emhlabeni yi-carbon steel.
Intambo ye-casing, okuyihange lesakhiwo sezindonga zemithombo kawoyela negesi, ibalwa ku-75% wokuthunyelwa kwempahla ye-tubular yezwe likawoyela (ngesisindo).Ipayipi le-casing lisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba azungezile kanye nomthombo ngokwawo.I-casing igcinwa kuyo yonke impilo yomthombo futhi ngokuvamile ayisuswa lapho umthombo uvaliwe.
Inqubo yokuthela insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni ukuze insimbi eqinile epholile igcine isimo sesikhunta.
Inqubo yokuphonsa ngokuqondile insimbi encibilikisiwe esimweni sayo sokugcina nokuqina ngaphandle kokuginqika okwengeziwe okushisayo noma okubandayo.Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko zokutshala izimali, amandla kanye nemvelo.
Isenzo sokulayisha izinto ezitsheni.Isibonelo, i-iron ore, i-coke kanye ne-limestone kulayishwa ezithandweni eziqhumayo, futhi izinsalela nensimbi encibilikisiwe zilayishwa ezithandweni zomoya-mpilo.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi, eveza okuqukethwe carbon, manganese, isulfure, phosphorus nezinye izakhi eziningi.
I-alloying element, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yensimbi engagqwali, enikeza ukumelana nokugqwala.Uma insimbi engagqwali ilimala ngomshini noma ngamakhemikhali, phambi komoyampilo, ifilimu eyakheka ngokwemvelo phezu kwensimbi engagqwali iyalungiswa, ivimbele ukugqwala.
Indlela yokusebenzisa insimbi engagqwali enamathela kukhabhoni noma insimbi encibilikisiwe (okungukuthi, insimbi equkethe izinto ezingaphansi kuka-5%).
1) insimbi engagqwali welding nge carbon steel;2) ukuthela insimbi engagqwali encibilikisiwe eduze kwekhabhoni eqinile engenalutho esikhunjeni;noma 3) ukubeka ipuleti lensimbi ye-carbon phakathi kwamapuleti amabili ensimbi engagqwali bese liwagoqa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu endaweni yokugaya.Wanamathisele ndawonye..
Inqubo yokumboza insimbi ngenye impahla (i-tin, i-chromium ne-zinc), ikakhulukazi ukuvikela ukugqwala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-11-2023